Air Conditioner Repair Near Me: Professional Air Conditioning Service Ensures Your Home Remains Cool And Comfy Throughout Hot Days
Kinds Of A/c Repair Solutions
Ever had your air conditioner sputter to a stop just as the summer sun peaks? It's an aggravating situation-- one that makes you understand how many parts need to work in harmony for cool air to circulation. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the obstacles vary, but the options don't need to be a secret.
Common Air Conditioner Repair Work Categories
- Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair: Without the best amount of refrigerant, your system has a hard time to cool your area. Identifying leaks is crucial to bring back performance.
- Compressor and Fan Motor Fixes: These parts are the heart and lungs of your a/c. When they fail, airflow and cooling capability plummet.
- Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: Sometimes the culprit is your thermostat sending blended signals-- changing or swapping it out brings convenience back on track.
- Electrical Component Repair: Faulty wiring or capacitors interfere with performance, typically causing unanticipated shutdowns or unpredictable behavior.
- Drain Line Cleaning and Repair Work: Clogged condensate lines can cause water damage and system shutdowns if ignored.
How Bold City Heating and Air Deals With These Difficulties
Think of walking into your home after a blistering day, greeted by a sanctuary of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air transforms that dream into reality by mastering every aspect of air conditioner repair work. They do not just patch leaks or swap parts-- they identify the origin with surgical precision.
Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and avoid future freeze-ups. Electrical problems? They trace every wire to guarantee stability and safety. Thermostat difficulties? They fine-tune settings for ideal climate control. No problem is too twisted, no malfunction too unknown.
What sets Bold City apart is their commitment to thoroughness. Each repair work unfolds like a thoroughly choreographed dance, ensuring your system runs smoothly, effectively, and quietly. It's not practically fixing what's broken; it's about restoring comfort and cool convenience, all while extending the life of your unit.
Unraveling the Mysteries of A/c Breakdowns
Envision stepping into your home after a scorching day, just to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking feeling? It usually indicates your a/c system is having a hard time. Amongst the myriad of hiccups, refrigerant leaks frequently play the villain. Not just do they sap the cooling power, but they calmly wear down effectiveness, leaving your energy costs to balloon. Have you ever wondered why your a/c cycles on and off so often? This phenomenon, understood as brief cycling, might be the system's desperate cry for help due to unclean filters or malfunctioning thermostat calibration.
Professional Insights: Deciphering the Signs
Bold City Heating and Air acknowledges how irritating it can be when your unit declines to blow cold air or, worse, floods your home with unexpected wetness. Their technicians approach each concern with a detective's precision. Obstructed condensate drains typically masquerade as small inconveniences but can lead to water damage if ignored.
Advice Just Pros Share
- Routinely check and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can reduce cooling efficiency by up to 30%.
- Guarantee your thermostat is positioned far from direct sunlight or heat-emitting devices to avoid false readings.
- Listen for uncommon noises like rattling or hissing-- these often precede compressor or refrigerant issues.
- Inspect for ice formation on coils; it signals airflow limitation and needs immediate attention.
Common Issues and Their Treatments
Issue | Possible Cause | Quick Repair |
---|---|---|
Warm Air Blowing | Refrigerant leak or filthy filter | Seal leaks and replace filters |
Brief Cycling | Thermostat or electrical issues | Recalibrate thermostat and inspect electrical wiring |
Water Leak | Clogged condensate drain | Clear the drain pipeline |
Unusual Noises | Loose parts or compressor problems | Tighten parts or service compressor |
Vital Instruments for Diagnosing AC Troubles
Ever tried repairing an air conditioner with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is much more technical. The heart of reliable a/c repair lies in the precision of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for circumstances, isn't just an elegant gizmo; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, revealing the surprise pressures within the system's veins. Without it, guessing the refrigerant levels resembles checking out tea leaves.
Bold City Heating and Air comprehends how important these subtle readings are. They approach each system with a toolkit that's not just detailed however meticulously adjusted, making sure every twist, turn, and valve adjustment hits the mark. Their understanding of the subtleties in pressure variations and temperature level gradients transforms a task from uncertainty to science.
Tools That Transform Repair into Art
- Digital Multimeter: Steps voltage, present, and resistance. Finds electrical faults that can quietly sabotage your air conditioner system.
- Thermometer: Necessary for identifying temperature differentials across coils, indicating airflow or refrigerant problems.
- Leak Detectors: Utilizing UV dye or electronic sensors, these reveal the unnoticeable leaks that drain performance.
- Vacuum Pumps: Evacuate moisture and air, important in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.
In my experience, even the smallest overlooked detail-- like a slightly worn gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Vibrant City's technicians don't just repair; they anticipate the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they scream out as breakdowns
Expert Tips from the Field
- Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at various times of the day; ambient temperature level shifts can impact precision.
- Utilize a microamp clamp meter to discover faint electrical draws that recommend failing capacitors or motors.
- When leaving a system, watch for the "hunting" result in the vacuum gauge, a professional clue suggesting caught wetness.
Tools are just as great as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's mastery of their instruments raises cooling repair work from a mere service to a finely tuned craft.
Essential Safety Procedures for A/c Repair
Electrical hazards prowl in every corner of air conditioning system repair, especially when dealing with capacitors holding residual charge. Have you ever wondered why an unexpected shock can surprise even seasoned service technicians? It's due to the fact that a charged capacitor can keep unsafe energy long after the unit is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air firmly insists on extensive discharge protocols before touching any components.
Working around refrigerants requires not only accuracy however also caution. Leakages can calmly toxin the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When dealing with these invisible risks, protective equipment isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They comprehend that fumbling without correct gloves and goggles belongs to dancing with danger.
For those venturing into do it yourself repairs, observe these professional ideas:
- Constantly cut power at the breaker panel before opening the system.
- Utilize a multimeter to validate no voltage before continuing.
- Use insulated gloves and eye security to defend against electrical shock and refrigerant direct exposure.
- Deal with refrigerant lines with care-- avoid leaks or sharp bends that can cause leaks.
- Keep a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires nearby.
Think of the horror of an abrupt stimulate in a dusty, enclosed space-- fires fire up in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's specialists utilize meticulous cleaning regimens to get rid of dust accumulation that may otherwise sustain accidental combustion.
Safety List Before Beginning Repair Work
Security Action | Why It Matters |
---|---|
Power Seclusion | Avoids unintentional electrocution and equipment damage |
Capacitor Discharge | Removes stored electrical energy that can trigger shocks |
Protective Equipment Usage | Shields skin and eyes from refrigerants and particles |
Drip Detection | Ensures air quality and avoids refrigerant loss |
Work Location Ventilation | Decreases inhalation dangers and dissipates combustible gases |
In the world of air conditioning repair work, rushing through safety checks is like avoiding steps on a high wire-- one error can cascade into catastrophe. Bold City Heating and Air's dedication to these preventative measures changes a dangerous venture into a controlled, foreseeable operation. They remain alert, understanding that real proficiency in air conditioning repair work is as much about securing lives as it is about bring back comfort.
Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL
Jacksonville, FL is a dynamic city understood for its comprehensive park system, lovely beaches, and flourishing arts scene. As the biggest city by area in the continental United States, it offers homeowners and visitors a lot of outside activities, including boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and checking out the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm climate makes effective air conditioning important for comfort and health throughout the year
For those in need of a/c services, Bold City Heating and Air offers professional assistance and totally free assessments to help ensure your home or company stays cool and comfortable. Connect to them for trusted suggestions and options on air conditioner repair work tailored to your needs.
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- Timuquana: Timuquana is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville FL, known for its quiet streets and local parks. It offers a mix of detached houses and easy access to nearby amenities and schools.
- San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its green greenery and welcoming atmosphere. The area features a variety of single-family homes and local parks, offering a serene suburban environment.
- E-Town: E-Town is a vibrant neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and heritage significance. It features a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that add to its unique character.
- Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens displays a broad collection of art covering various times and cultures. Visitors can also wander beautiful formal gardens that look out over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
- Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens presents a varied assortment of animals and flora from around the world. It offers captivating exhibits, instructive activities, and conservation initiatives for guests of all ages. Jacksonville FL
- Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL presents hands-on exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Visitors can discover science, history, and culture through engaging displays and educational programs.
- Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historic site that provides a peek into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
- Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial remembers the 16th-century French try to create a colony in Florida. It offers exhibits and paths examining the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
- Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the remaining unspoiled coastal wetlands on the Atlantic Coast. It preserves the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
- Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a huge, famous water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features striking water displays and lights, which makes it a well-liked attraction and gathering place.
- Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts market under the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local craftspeople, live music, food vendors, and a stunning scene of the St. Johns River.
- San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a delightful retail and dining district with a European-inspired atmosphere. It is famous for its upscale boutiques, restaurants, and the famous fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
- St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an upscale open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, offering a mix of luxury stores, well-known brands, and eateries. It's a premier destination for purchasing, dining, and recreation in North East Florida.
- Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases charming early 20th-century architecture and specialty shops. It's a vibrant neighborhood recognized for its nearby restaurants and historic character. Jacksonville FL
- Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous area in Jacksonville FL, home to a huge, centuries-old oak tree. The park provides a peaceful retreat with trails and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
- Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL offers pristine beaches and diverse ecosystems. Visitors can enjoy things to do such as hiking, camping, and observing wildlife in this unspoiled shoreline setting.
- Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers amazing coastal views and varied ecosystems for outdoor enthusiasts. Explore the unique boneyard beach, walk picturesque trails, and watch plentiful wildlife in this gorgeous wildlife preserve.
- Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, provides a gorgeous beach, forested trails, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for recreation. It's a popular spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
- Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens offers a beautiful natural getaway with multiple trails and specialty gardens. Visitors can explore a variety of plant life and relish peaceful outdoor recreation.
- Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre area that acts as a tribute to the more than 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area features a sculpture, pool, and gardens, providing a place for remembrance and reflection. Jacksonville FL
- Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historical public square hosting events, markets, and social get-togethers. It provides a lush space in the heart of downtown with art installations and a lively atmosphere.
- Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL offers a lovely waterfront setting for gatherings and recreation. With play areas, a concert venue, and picturesque views, it is a well-known destination for residents and visitors alike.
- Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially named to pay tribute to rebel soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and repurposed as a space for local events and recreation.
- Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park protects and relays the unique history of Jacksonville's beaches. Discover exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and early beach communities.
- Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach features a lovely coastal community with gorgeous beaches and a peaceful atmosphere. Visitors can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
- Neptune Beach: The city of Neptune Beach gives a classic Florida beach town experience with its grainy shores and laid-back vibe. Visitors can enjoy surfing, swimming, and exploring nearby shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
- Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a vibrant coastal city known for its sandy beaches and surfing scene. It offers a blend of leisure activities, dining, and nightlife beside the Atlantic Ocean.
- Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a stunning beachfront location with chances for campgrounds, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can savor the natural charm of the area with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
- Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides picturesque paths and walkways through diverse ecosystems. Visitors can relish walks in nature, bird watching, and exploring the splendor of the shoreline environment.
- Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL safeguards the dirt remnants of a Civil War Southern fort. Visitors can explore the historic site and discover about its meaning by way of interpretive exhibits.
- Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the past of the Mandarin neighborhood within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can discover displays and artifacts that highlight the area's unique past.
- Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History displays artifacts and exhibits connected to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can explore a range of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
- The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides escorted foot tours to view rescued big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a not-for-profit organization committed to offering a safe, loving, forever home for these animals.
- Air Conditioning Installation: Right installation of cooling systems guarantees good and pleasant indoor climates. This critical process guarantees best performance and durability of climate control units.
- Air Conditioner: ACs cool indoor spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper setup by qualified technicians ensures effective operation and ideal climate control.
- Hvac: Hvac systems control temperature and air's condition. They are essential for creating climate control answers in structures.
- Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for managing temperature in HVAC systems. It signals the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the desired indoor environment.
- Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for cooling systems, absorbing heat to generate cool air. Correct treatment of refrigerants is essential during HVAC installation for efficient and safe operation.
- Compressor: This Compressor is a vital heart of your cooling system, pressurizing refrigerant. The process is key for efficient temperature regulation in climate control systems.
- Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil takes in heat from indoor air, cooling it down. This part is essential for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
- Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil is an important component in cooling systems, releasing heat outside. It promotes the heat transfer needed for efficient indoor climate management.
- Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for distributing conditioned air throughout a building. Suitable duct planning and setup are essential for effective climate management system positioning.
- Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is crucial for suitable airflow and indoor air standard. It has a key role in ensuring optimal operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
- Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are key parts in modern climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
- Split System: Split systems provide both cooling and heating via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless answer for temperature control in certain rooms or areas.
- Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill entire homes from a single, potent unit. Correct installation of these systems is crucial for streamlined and effective home cooling.
- Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates better operation and reduced energy use for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can substantially reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
- Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor change refrigeration output to match need, enhancing performance and convenience in climate control systems. This accurate modulation reduces power loss and maintains consistent temperatures in building environments.
- Compressor Maintenance: Maintaining compressors ensures effective operation and lifespan in cooling systems. Neglecting it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when establishing climate control.
- Air Filter: Air Filter trap dust and debris, making sure of clean air flow within HVAC systems. This enhances system performance and indoor air quality throughout temperature regulation setup.
- Installation Manual: An Installation Manual gives key guidance for correctly installing a cooling system. It guarantees correct procedures are followed for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
- Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is essential for powering and controlling the components of climate control systems. Suitable wiring assures secure and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
- Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit moves conditioned air within a room. This is a key part for climate control systems, making sure of suitable temperature management in structures.
- Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat externally. It's essential for a full climate control system setup, guaranteeing efficient cooling inside.
- Maintenance: Regular care ensures efficient operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents failures and optimizes the performance of installed cooling setups.
- Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for lowering energy consumption and costs when establishing new climate control systems. Emphasizing efficient equipment and correct installation reduces environmental impact and increases long-term savings.
- Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and converts energy, vital for cooling system system. Effective climate control creation relies on thermodynamic principles to maximize energy use during setup placement.
- Building Codes: Construction regulations ensure correct and secure HVAC system arrangement in structures. They govern aspects like energy efficiency and ventilation for climate control systems.
- Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the heating and chilling requirements of a area. It's vital for picking correctly dimensioned HVAC units for effective environmental control.
- Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to temperature management, offering focused heating and cooling. The ease of placement makes them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is unfeasible.
- Air Handler: An Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It's a vital component for correct climate control system setup.
- Insulation: Thermal protection is vital for keeping efficient temperature control within a structure. It minimizes heat exchange, reducing the burden on air conditioning and improving temperature setups.
- Drainage System: Drainage Systems clear liquids generated by cooling equipment. Correct drainage stops water damage and assures optimal operation of climate control setups.
- Filter: Strainers are critical components that eliminate pollutants from the air throughout the setup of climate control systems. This ensures purer air circulation and safeguards the system's inner components.
- Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control inside climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air condition. Proper setup of these systems ensures economical and effective refrigeration and climate control within buildings.
- Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners offer efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design eases the process of setting up climate control in homes and businesses.
- Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled professionals who focus in the installation of climate control systems. They guarantee appropriate operation and efficiency of these systems for optimal indoor comfort.
- Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air greatly affects comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Proper system design and installation is vital for improving air quality.
- Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated during the cooling process, stopping harm and maintaining system efficiency. Correct drain setup is crucial for successful climate control installation and long-term performance.
- Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately control refrigerant volume to various zones, offering tailored cooling and heating. This technology is essential for establishing effective and flexible climate control in building environments.
- Building Automation System: Building automation systems coordinate and streamline the operation of HVAC devices. This leads to enhanced climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
- Air Conditioning: HVAC systems control indoor temperature and air quality. Proper setup of these systems is key for efficient and effective Air Conditioning.
- Temperature Control: Precise temperature regulation is essential for effective climate control system setup. It ensures optimal performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
- Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are thermistors used in weather control systems to measure accurately air temperature. This data helps to regulate system operation, guaranteeing peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
- Thermocouple: Thermocouples are devices crucial for guaranteeing proper HVAC system installation. They accurately gauge temperature, enabling precise adjustments and excellent climate control function.
- Digital Thermostat: These devices precisely regulate temperature, improving HVAC system performance. They are important for establishing home climate regulation systems, guaranteeing efficient and comfortable environments.
- Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by enabling personalized temperature schedules. This leads to improved energy efficiency and comfort in residential AC setups.
- Smart Thermostat: Clever thermostats streamline home temperature management by understanding user desires and adjusting the temperature automatically. They play a key role in modern HVAC system setups, enhancing energy efficiency and convenience.
- Bimetallic Strip: A Bimetallic Strip, composed of two metals with different expansion rates, curves in reaction to temperature variations. This characteristic is utilized in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and adjust heating or cooling processes.
- Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is essential for keeping desired climate control within buildings.
- Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant stream into the evaporator, maintaining best cooling. This part is critical for effective operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
- Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate control system strives to achieve. It directs the system's operation during climate management configurations to maintain desired comfort levels.
- Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are crucial for controlling heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems by observing air temperature and ensuring effective climate control. Their data helps enhance system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
- Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop aids in controlling temperature throughout climate control system installation by continuously monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
- Control System: Control Systems regulate temperature, humidity, and airflow in air conditioning setups. These systems ensure peak comfort and energy savings in climate-controlled environments.
- Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when parts attain the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system setup. Proper equilibrium assures maximum performance and energy conservation in set up cooling systems.
- Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how effectively materials transfer heat, impacting the cooling system configuration. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties ensures peak performance of installed climate control systems.
- Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation minimizes heat transfer, ensuring efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This improves energy efficiency and maintains consistent temperatures in buildings.
- On Off Control: On-Off Control maintains desired temperatures by fully activating or deactivating cooling systems. This simple method is important for controlling environment within buildings throughout environmental control system installation.
- Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely regulate temperature in HVAC units. This makes sure efficient temperature regulation during building temperature setup and functioning.
- Evaporator: The Evaporator absorbs heat from within a location, cooling the air. This is a key component in temperature control systems created for home comfort.
- Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, rejecting heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its proper setup is important for effective climate control system placement and performance.
- Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been previously common refrigerants that facilitated cooling in numerous building systems. Their part has decreased because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
- Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are coolants commonly used in cooling systems for structures and cars. Their proper treatment is vital during the establishment of climate control systems to prevent environmental damage and ensure efficient operation.
- Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were once commonly used coolants in HVAC systems for buildings. Their removal has resulted in the implementation of more eco-friendly alternatives for new HVAC setups.
- Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with lower GWP is key when setting up climate control systems to lessen environmental effects.
- Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling systems must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
- Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are key for efficiently conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by absorbing heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
- Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are vital for efficient climate control system setup. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation ensures prime system operation and energy savings during the process of installing home cooling.
- Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process transfers heat, enabling cooling in climate-control systems. Correct setup and upkeep ensure effective performance and long life of these refrigeration solutions.
- Environmental Protection Agency: EPA controls refrigerants and establishes standards for HVAC system maintenance to protect the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to guarantee proper refrigerant handling and stop environmental damage.
- Leak Detection: Leak Detection makes certain the integrity of refrigerant lines after climate control system installation. Spotting and fixing leaks is essential for optimal function and environmental safety of newly installed climate control systems.
- Pressure Gauge: Pressure Gauge are critical tools for checking refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They ensure optimal performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within certain ranges for proper cooling operation.
- Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve governs refrigerant stream in cooling systems, allowing for efficient heat uptake. It is a vital component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
- Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity decides how effectively a system can reduce the temperature of a space. Selecting the right level is crucial for peak performance in placement of environmental control systems.
- Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of taking out and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Correctly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental harm and ensures efficient new cooling equipment installations.
- Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This procedure is crucial when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing proper handling and preventing ozone depletion.
- Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer crucial information on the secure handling and possible hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians rely on SDS data to protect themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
- Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are essential liquids used in refrigeration systems to transfer heat. Their proper handling is essential for efficient climate control setup and maintenance.
- Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is essential for cooling buildings, enabling efficient temperature control. It's a key process in climate control system setup, assisting the transfer of heat to provide comfortable indoor spaces.
- Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the basic procedure of heat removal, utilizing refrigerant to take in and release heat. This cycle is vital for effective climate control system setup in buildings.
- Scroll Compressor: Scroll compressors efficiently pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a key component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
- Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are vital parts that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat exchange, allowing efficient climate regulation within structures.
- Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical components that boost refrigerant pressure in wide climate management systems. They efficiently circulate refrigerant, allowing effective refrigeration and heating across extensive areas.
- Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors represent a key component in cooling systems, using a spinning device to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and compact size make them suitable for climate control setups in different applications.
- Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor is the driving force for the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is vital for proper climate control system installation and operation in buildings.
- Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant lubricates and seals mechanical parts within a systems' compressor, ensuring efficient refrigerant pressurization for suitable climate control. It is crucial to choose the correct type of oil during system setup to ensure durability and peak function of the refrigeration unit.
- Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch tracks refrigerant levels, making sure the system operates safely. It prevents damage by shutting down the cooling apparatus if pressure drops beyond the acceptable range.
- Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor starts and stops properly, allowing effective temperature control within climate control systems.
- Suction Line: A Suction Line, a key component in cooling systems, carries refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line is key for efficient system operation during climate control installation.
- Discharge Line: The Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and setup of the discharge line are essential for optimal cooling system configuration.
- Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures efficient temperature control during climate control setup.
- Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that needs to be removed from a space to keep a desired temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system installation and size.
- Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function optimally after they are installed. It's vital for maintaining effective climate control systems installed.
- Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leakage lessen cooling effectiveness and can lead to equipment malfunction. Addressing these leakages is critical for appropriate climate control system setup, ensuring peak performance and lifespan.
- Seer Rating: SEER score indicates an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, affecting long-term energy costs. Elevated SEER values imply greater energy savings when establishing climate control.
- Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating shows the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings indicate better energy effectiveness during climate control setup.
- Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing guarantees HVAC systems function effectively and reliably after setup. Routine upkeep minimizes failures and extends the lifespan of HVAC setups.
- Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating spread across a building. Proper Airflow is vital for optimal operation and comfort in climate control systems.
- Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for energizing and controlling systems that govern indoor temperature. They guarantee suitable operation, safety, and effectiveness in heating and cooling systems.
- Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the proper quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures peak operation and effectiveness when configuring climate control units.
- System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects potential issues before, during, and after HVAC system setup. It ensures best operation and averts future problems in climate control systems.
- Hvac System: HVAC systems govern temperature, humidity, and atmosphere quality in buildings. They are essential for creating climate-control solutions in residential and commercial areas.
- Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems offer targeted temperature control without broad ductwork. They make easier climate control setup in spaces that lack pre-existing duct systems.
- Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are self-contained units placed in panes to chill single rooms. They provide a simple way for localized temperature regulation inside a building.
- Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units offer a adaptable temperature-control answer for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide short-term climate control during HVAC system configurations.
- System Inspection: System check ensures correct installation of cooling systems by checking part integrity and adherence to installation standards. This process guarantees effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control setups.
- Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance process is vital for correct setup of climate control systems.
- Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for reinstating chilling ability in climate control systems. It ensures peak function and lifespan of newly set up environmental regulation units.
- Capacitor: Capacitors provide the needed energy increase to start and run motors inside of climate control systems. Their proper function ensures efficient and dependable operation of the cooling unit.
- Contactor: A Contactor is an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to turn on when needed.
- Blower Motor: This Blower Motor moves air through the ductwork, allowing for effective heating and cooling distribution within a building. It is a vital component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing stable temperature and airflow.
- Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of newly set-up climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee effective and reliable cooling operation.
- Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes issues that arise during climate control system setup. Sound fixing ensures best system performance and prevents future issues during building cooling appliance installation.
- Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and recycles used refrigerants. This process is crucial for environmentally responsible HVAC system installation.
- Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
- Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances utilized in cooling systems. This change necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
- Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap warmth, impacting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of weather control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with lower global warming potential is vital for eco-friendly weather control implementation.
- Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were once essential refrigerants in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer.
- Hcfc: HCFCs were once common refrigerants utilized in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. They eased the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
- Hfc: HFCs are frequently used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their proper handling is crucial during the setup of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
- Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil lubricates the compressor in cooling systems, assuring smooth performance and a long lifespan. It's vital for the correct function of climate control setups.
- Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the progressive elimination of certain refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This impacts the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
- Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to heat the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly favored in environmentally conscious HVAC system configurations.
- Odp: Odp refrigerants damage the ozone layer, influencing regulations for refrigeration system installation. Installers must utilize environmentally friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment placement.
- Ashrae: Ashrae sets criteria and recommendations for HVAC systems configuration. These criteria assure effective and secure climate control system deployment in buildings.
- Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality regulation for indoor environments. They are critical for setting up cooling setups in buildings.
- Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system effectiveness and can damage the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit installation are vital to avoid these leaks and ensure optimal performance.
- Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect decisions about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may encourage homeowners to put money in a complete home cooling setup for future savings.
- Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves installing warming, air flow, and air conditioning units. It's essential for enabling effective temperature regulation within structures.
- Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures effective operation and prolongs system lifespan. Proper maintenance is essential for seamless climate control system setups.
- Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees optimal operation during climate control unit installation and running.
- Zoning Systems: Zoning schemes split a building into separate areas for personalized temperature control. This strategy optimizes well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC setup.
- Compressor Types: Various Compressor Types are critical parts for efficient climate control systems. Their selection greatly impacts system effectiveness and performance in environmental comfort applications.
- Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how efficiently the system cools a room for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
- Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously damage the device's heart, resulting in system failure. Proper setup ensures adequate airflow and refrigerant amounts, avoiding this problem in climate control system installations.
- Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the refrigeration process, requiring expert service during climate control system setups. A faulty compressor jeopardizes the entire system's efficiency and lifespan when incorporating it into a building.
- Overload Protector: An Overload Protector protects the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system setup. It prevents damage by automatically shutting off power when too much current or temperature is detected.
- Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air across evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for efficient climate control system setup. They aid heat exchange, guaranteeing optimal cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
- Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are critical parts that connect the indoor and outside units, circulating refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their proper proper installation is essential for efficient and productive climate control system setup.
- Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outdoor part in a cooling system. The unit rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
- Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for refrigeration systems to effectively eliminate excess heat from a cooled area. Appropriate Heat Rejection assures optimal performance and lifespan of climate control setups.
- System Efficiency: System Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and operational costs. Optimizing performance during climate control setup ensures long-term savings and environmental benefits.
- Pressure Drop: Pressure decrease is the reduction in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, affecting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly controlling pressure decrease is essential for peak performance and efficiency in climate control systems.
- Subcooling: Subcooling ensures peak equipment performance by chilling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This process prevents flash gas, boosting cooling power and efficiency throughout HVAC equipment setup.
- Superheat: Superheat makes sure that just vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, preventing damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system installation to maximize cooling performance and efficiency.
- Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, essential for peak cooling performance. Proper filling assures efficient heat transfer and prevents damage during climate control installation.
- Corrosion: Corrosion worsens metallic elements, likely causing leakage and system failures. Guarding against Corrosion is essential for maintaining the efficiency and longevity of climate control arrangements.
- Fins: Blades increase the surface area of coils, boosting heat transfer efficiency. This is crucial for best performance in environmental control system setups.
- Copper Tubing: Copper piping is crucial for refrigerant transfer in HVAC systems because of its robustness and effective heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections ensure proper system operation during establishment of climate units.
- Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is vital for transporting refrigerant in climate control systems. Their light and rustproof properties render them perfect for connecting internal and external units in HVAC installations.
- Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.
Bold City Heating & Air
4.9(1,687)
Air conditioning repair service·
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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States
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+1 904-379-1648
6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!
3 days ago
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Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊
a year ago
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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?
An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …
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Abe Fernandez
11 reviews · 11 photos
a week ago
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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!
We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More
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Kenneth Jefferson
5 reviews · 3 photos
2 months ago
Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More
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Response from the owner 2 months ago
Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More
WILLIAM MOSIER
2 reviews · 4 photos
a month ago
Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.
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Response from the owner a month ago
Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!
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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company
At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.
From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.
From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.
From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.
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When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.
If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Website history
Air conditioning
Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.[5]
Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.
Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.
History
[edit]Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.[12]
Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.[14]
Development
[edit]Preceding discoveries
[edit]In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."[15]
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."[19]
The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.[24]
First devices
[edit]
Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.[25][26][27][28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.[30][31]
In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.[33]
Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)
In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.[36]
Further development
[edit]Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.[38][39]
In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.[40][41]
Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.[42]
As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).[46][47]
Operation
[edit]Operating principles
[edit]
Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.[50]
Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.[51]
Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.[citation needed]
Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.[53]
Heating
[edit]Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).
Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.
Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.
The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.
Performance
[edit]The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTUIT per hour, or 3,517 watts.[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.[citation needed]
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).[citation needed]
Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.[62]
Control system
[edit]Wireless remote control
[edit]This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.
Wired controller
[edit]A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.
These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.
Types
[edit]Types | Typical Capacity* | Air supply | Mounting | Typical application |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mini-split | small – large | Direct | Wall | Residential |
Window | very small – small | Direct | Window | Residential |
Portable | very small – small | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Residential, remote areas |
Ducted (individual) | small – very large | Ducted | Ceiling | Residential, commercial |
Ducted (central) | medium – very large | Ducted | Ceiling | Residential, commercial |
Ceiling suspended | medium – large | Direct | Ceiling | Commercial |
Cassette | medium – large | Direct / Ducted | Ceiling | Commercial |
Floor standing | medium – large | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Commercial |
Packaged | very large | Direct / Ducted | Floor | Commercial |
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit) | very large | Ducted | Rooftop | Commercial |
* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:
- very small: <1.5 kW
- small: 1.5–3.5 kW
- medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
- large: 7.2–14 kW
- very large: >14 kW
Mini-split and multi-split systems
[edit]
Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.
The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.[citation needed] The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.
Ducted central systems
[edit]Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.
Central plant cooling
[edit]Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.[71][72]
Portable units
[edit]A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).
Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.
Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.[73]
Window unit and packaged terminal
[edit]
The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.[74]
Packaged air conditioner
[edit]Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.[70][79][80][81][82][83]
Types of compressors
[edit]Compressor types | Common applications | Typical capacity | Efficiency | Durability | Repairability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reciprocating | Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners | small – large | very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity) | very low | medium |
Rotary vane | Residential mini splits | small | low | low | easy |
Scroll | Commercial and central systems, VRF | medium | medium | medium | easy |
Rotary screw | Commercial chiller | medium – large | medium | medium | hard |
Centrifugal | Commercial chiller | very large | medium | high | hard |
Maglev Centrifugal | Commercial chiller | very large | high | very high | very hard |
Reciprocating
[edit]- Main article: Reciprocating compressor
This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. [citation needed]
Scroll
[edit]- Main article: Scroll compressor
This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. [citation needed]
Screw
[edit]This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. [citation needed]
Capacity modulation technologies
[edit]There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. [citation needed]
Hot gas bypass
[edit]Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.[85]
Manifold configurations
[edit]Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.[citation needed]
Mechanically modulated compressor
[edit]This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.[citation needed]
Variable-speed compressor
[edit]- Main article: Inverter compressor
This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.[citation needed]
Impact
[edit]Health effects
[edit]In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.[8]
Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.[92]
Economic effects
[edit]First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.[93]
Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.[7]
The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.[97]
Environmental effects
[edit]
Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.[99]
Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.[103]
Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).[104]
Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.[citation needed]
Social effects
[edit]Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,[105] Hong Kong,[106] China,[106] Japan,[107] and Italy.[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.[109]
Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.[8][111]
Other techniques
[edit]Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.[12]
Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.[113]
Passive ventilation
[edit]


Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.
There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.[114]
Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".Passive cooling
[edit]
Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).[117]
Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.
Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.[119][120]
Daytime radiative cooling
[edit]
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.[121][123]
PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.[125][126]
Fans
[edit]Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.
The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.[127]: 99, 151, 233 In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.[127]: 134, 151
Thermal buffering
[edit]In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.[13]
In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.
Evaporative cooling
[edit]In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.[130]
Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.[131]
See also
[edit]- Air filter
- Air purifier
- Cleanroom
- Crankcase heater
- Energy recovery ventilation
- Indoor air quality
- Particulates
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