Packing And Moving Services Richmond

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She notes, 'They didn't just move our items; they cared for them as if they were their own. They've identified key areas outside of Richmond where their services are in high demand and are actively working towards establishing a presence in these regions. In essence, BBX Moving doesn't just transport belongings; they ensure peace of mind, making them a standout choice for anyone looking to move in or out of Richmond. Learn more about Packing And Moving Services Richmond here That's why they've invested in not only being bonded and insured but also in implementing rigorous training programs for their staff. What sets BBX Moving apart is their commitment to providing value.
This insurance is designed to cover loss or damage to items while they're in transit or storage, offering peace of mind that your valuables are safeguarded. Moreover, it deters pests and mold growth, which thrive in moist conditions, ensuring your belongings stay safe and in top condition.

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    BBX Moving offers a wide range of services, ensuring a seamless relocation experience for its clients in Richmond. Emily, who moved her family's home last month, was pleasantly surprised by the cost. 'I got quotes from several companies, and BBX offered the best value by far. Learn more about Reliable Richmond Moving Services for Homes & Businesses here.
    An often overlooked but critical step is notifying important parties about the move. Moreover, they conduct thorough background checks on all their employees, ensuring that only trustworthy individuals enter your home and handle your belongings. Whether it's finding the safest route for transportation or offering packing tips to protect your valuables, they're there to support you every step of the way. Richmond moving company reviews In essence, BBX doesn't just move items; they ensure that every aspect of your move is surrounded by layers of security and safety measures.
    Moreover, the team's professionalism extends beyond their moving skills. They also ensure that BBX Moving's team is easily identifiable, adding an extra layer of safety and accountability. These stories highlight BBX Moving's commitment to providing exceptional service and support.

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    Not only were their rates competitive, but there were no hidden fees.

    They've tailored their solutions to meet the diverse needs of their clientele, ensuring a seamless transition from point A to B. Whether you're in between homes, decluttering, or just need extra space, BBX Moving's secure storage options have you covered. BBX Moving's commitment to excellence shines through in the glowing testimonials from satisfied customers. Small move specialists Richmond They pride themselves on transparency, so you can expect no hidden fees.

    As we look to the future, BBX Moving is gearing up to introduce innovative services and expand its reach to accommodate the evolving needs of its customers. Moreover, BBX's inventory management system allows for easy tracking and retrieval of your possessions, giving you peace of mind. Additionally, their flexible storage options cater to different needs, whether you're storing a few items or an entire household's worth.

    These plastic boxes can be used hundreds of times before they need replacing, vastly decreasing waste and the demand for new materials. As the years passed, BBX Moving expanded its services but remained true to its core values. Ensuring the safety of your belongings during a move, BBX Moving offers comprehensive services tailored to meet all your moving needs.

    Throughout the move, BBX keeps communication lines open. Their robust design also means that belongings are better protected than in traditional cardboard boxes, which can be prone to damage from weather or wear and tear. They understand that moving isn't just about transporting items from one place to another; it's about handling someone's life memories with care.

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    The indigenous Coast Salish peoples were the first people to inhabit the area of modern-day Richmond, with the Musqueam Band naming the site near Terra Nova "spələkʷəqs" or "boiling point". Today, East Asian Canadians make up a majority of Richmond's population, along with the Continental Asian Canadian population numbering almost three-fourths of the city's population. As a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, Richmond is composed of eight local neighbourhoods: Sea Island, City Centre, Thompson, West Richmond, Steveston, South Arm, East Richmond and Hamilton. As of 2023, the city has an estimated population of 229,781 people.

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    Nearby Tourist Attractions

    Stonehenge

    Tourist attraction, Historical landmark
    Stonehenge, Salisbury SP4 7DE, United Kingdom
    Legendary neolithic monument made using stones transported from Wales & built for unknown purposes.

    Windsor Castle

    Tourist attraction, Historical place, Historical landmark, Castle
    Windsor Castle, Windsor SL4 1NJ, United Kingdom
    Tour the historic royal castle full of spectacular art & antiques, plus grounds & a chapel.

    Kensington Palace

    Tourist attraction, Museum, Historical place
    Kensington Palace, Kensington Gardens, London W8 4PX, United Kingdom
    Royal palace and gardens, with exhibits on former residents like Queen Victoria and Princess Diana.

    The British Museum

    Tourist attraction, Museum
    The British Museum, Great Russell St, London WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom
    Huge showcase for global antiquities, including Egyptian mummies and ancient Greek sculptures.


    Citations and other links

    Secure Packing for Moving Richmond

    This bespoke service model not only eases the stress of moving but also builds trust, ensuring that clients feel valued and understood.

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    Their uniform size means they stack perfectly, making efficient use of space in a moving truck or storage unit. They're not taking any chances when it comes to protecting their clients' valuables. Every mover is equipped with the skills and knowledge to ensure that furniture isn't only transported safely but also installed correctly at its new location.

    Understanding that each move is different, they've developed a customer-centric approach, allowing for adjustments and tailoring to individual needs. When it comes to transporting delicate artwork, BBX Moving offers unparalleled expertise and precision. For those who need a place to store their items, either short-term or long-term, the company's secure storage solutions are both flexible and accessible. Last-minute moving services Richmond

    They'll work closely with you to understand your specific needs, preferences, and concerns, offering tailored solutions that make your move as seamless and stress-free as possible. Invest in quality boxes, packing tape, bubble wrap, and packing paper. Plus, they're always there to answer any questions or concerns you may have about the moving process.

    Its story of growth isn't just about expanding services or increasing profits; it's about building trust within the Richmond community and beyond. They're always ready to answer any questions and provide updates on the progress of your move. Full-service movers Richmond This ensures that every mover who handles your items knows exactly how to pack, load, and transport them safely, minimizing the risk of damage.

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    Recognizing the diversity of their clients' needs, BBX Moving crafts personalized packing strategies to ensure a seamless moving experience. They delve into the specifics of each relocation, from the volume of items to the destination's challenges, tailoring services that align perfectly with the client's requirements. BBX Moving's experts emphasize taking your time to unpack methodically, which reduces stress and makes the process more manageable. In addition to maintaining an ideal climate, secure storage features play a pivotal role in safeguarding your valuables from theft and unauthorized access. It's clear why they're a preferred choice for residents and businesses in Richmond and beyond.
    They've streamlined their booking process to ensure you're not just another job number but a valued customer with unique needs and preferences. They understand that each move is unique and requires a personalized approach. Moreover, BBX Moving's communication is top-notch. This approach ensures easy unpacking and helps movers place boxes in the correct location.
    Every question I had was answered promptly, and they went above and beyond to accommodate my schedule.'The affordability of BBX Moving's services also comes up often in customer feedback. Their team is always ready to listen, respond, and adapt to their clients' needs, ensuring a smooth and stress-free moving process. Once in touch, BBX Moving requests some basic information about your move. Read more about Packing And Moving Services Richmond here They understand that life doesn't always happen on a 9-to-5 schedule, so they're prepared to adapt to the unexpected, offering weekend and evening moves to accommodate the busiest of schedules.
    This system is based on move size, distance, and additional services selected, providing flexibility and control over the cost.

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    They understand that moving isn't just about transporting items from one place to another. In essence, BBX Moving's local advantage translates into a moving experience that's not only efficient and reliable but also deeply personalized. They're committed to affordability without compromising on quality, offering competitive rates that reflect their dedication to customer satisfaction.

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    Full Value Protection holds the mover accountable for the replacement value of lost or damaged goods in your shipment. They're not just movers; they're moving consultants, problem solvers, and, most importantly, they're reliable partners. Their team of professionals uses high-quality materials to protect your items, ensuring they're secure during transit. Richmond moving services Moreover, move management isn't just about logistics; it's also about communication.

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    One of the standout reasons to choose BBX Moving lies in their team's extensive training and commitment to excellence.

    BBX Moving excels in local relocations, ensuring a smooth transition from your old home to your new one with unparalleled expertise. They've built a reputation in Richmond for not just meeting, but exceeding customer expectations. Moreover, BBX Moving offers customizable packing services.

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    Lastly, it's important to keep important documents, such as your contract with BBX Moving, identification, and new home documents, in a safe and easily accessible place during the move.

    Mid-week and mid-month moves often come at a lower cost compared to weekend or end-of-month relocations when demand peaks. This approach not only keeps your items safe but also contributes to a healthier planet. Jason, a local business owner, needed to relocate his office without disrupting operations. The benefits of opting for these plastic box rentals over traditional cardboard boxes are numerous, ranging from their reusability to the protection they offer against the elements.

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    Beyond their commitment to the community, BBX Moving also excels in offering expert moving tips and advice to ensure a smooth relocation process. From humble beginnings to becoming the top moving company in Richmond, their journey is peppered with achievements, innovative services, and glowing customer testimonials that attest to their unwavering dedication. These experts bring efficiency, speed, and safety to the table, turning what could be a stressful day into a manageable task. They'll confirm your moving date and time, and provide you with a detailed plan of the moving day.

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    From the initial consultation to the final unpacking, they work closely with clients to understand their needs and preferences. BBX Moving revolutionizes the Richmond moving experience by offering tailored relocation solutions designed to meet each client's unique needs. They provide guidance and high-quality materials to ensure belongings are securely packed, helping customers save on packing services. In the unfortunate event that a claim needs to be filed, the company guides its clients through every step, providing support and ensuring a swift resolution.

    They were impressed by BBX Moving's detailed planning and execution. This means that clients don't have to worry about the unexpected; they're covered in every scenario. Richmond office relocation Their personalized approach ensures that every move is as smooth and stress-free as possible, making them a top choice for anyone looking to relocate in Richmond.

    They don't just assemble; they also offer insights on the optimal placement of your furniture to enhance your space's functionality and appeal. They provide clear, upfront quotes without hidden fees, ensuring clients know exactly what to expect. You're getting a group of problem solvers who'll work tirelessly to make your move as smooth as possible.

    Switching gears to packing, it's crucial for movers to adopt efficient strategies that ensure their belongings aren't only well-organized but also secure. Investing in the right insurance coverage can make a significant difference in how such situations are resolved. Having these essentials at hand can significantly ease the transition into your new space.

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    They offer expert artwork transport, secure piano moving, and delicate antiques care, recognizing the unique requirements each type of item demands. They've seen it all and know how to anticipate and mitigate the common pitfalls that can occur during a move. Once you've made contact, BBX Moving assigns a dedicated consultant to your case. Their use of state-of-the-art technology for inventory tracking and scheduling ensures that your belongings are always accounted for and that the move proceeds on schedule. They've equipped their facilities with around-the-clock surveillance cameras, ensuring that every corner is monitored.
    Moreover, BBX Moving's commitment to exceptional customer support extends beyond the move itself. From expert packing to meticulous scheduling, BBX Moving ensures every detail is handled with precision. Their customized moving plans and expert team members are just the tip of the iceberg. They understand that each move is unique, which is why they work closely with clients to tailor services that fit their specific needs and financial constraints.

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    Furthermore, BBX Moving equips its team with the latest tools and technology, streamlining the moving process and ensuring belongings are handled safely. BBX Moving, Richmond's premier moving company, understands this well. When unpacking, start with the essentials, setting up bedrooms and bathrooms first to make your new space livable. Cheap movers in Richmond You'll know exactly what you're paying for, and you can trust them to deliver value for every dollar spent.
    It's a vital step that BBX Moving in Richmond highly recommends. These boxes are designed to protect fragile items from the jostles and bumps of transit. Whether it's accommodating a last-minute change or offering advice on how to best settle into a new area, their team is always ready to assist. They also invested in a fleet of reliable trucks and the latest moving equipment, ensuring they could handle any job, big or small, with the utmost efficiency.

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    Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), wood and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis XVI), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with glass top (Contemporary)

    Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

    People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is a return to natural shapes and textures.[1]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture,[2] the noun form of fournir, which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages as well as German use variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, meaning "moveable goods".[6]

    History

    [edit]

    Prehistory

    [edit]

    The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks as rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the existence of constructed furniture is a Venus figurine found at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

    A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone balls also found at the site.

    Antiquity

    [edit]

    Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th–8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

    Ancient Egypt

    [edit]

    Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Evidence of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

    During the Dynastic Period, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily constructed using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood found in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, so it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join two shorter pieces together and form a longer beam was one example of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive wood on the surface.[18]

    The earliest used seating furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family down to ordinary citizens.[19] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a simple three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for comfort during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were decorated with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to only wealthy and high ranking people, and seen as a status symbol; they did not reach ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a straight back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] as well as beds and storage chests.[24][25]

    Ancient Greece

    [edit]
    Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

    Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with cheap solid wood, then apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture construction also made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a piece together.[26] Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

    The modern word "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρÏŒνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/hierarchy or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, constructed by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in most Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used as a bed, but also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

    In general, Greek tables were low and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would have used a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

    Ancient Rome

    [edit]

    Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and construction. Rome gradually superseded Greece as the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the two is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

    Roman furniture was constructed principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very little wooden furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and also practised veneering.[40]

    The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

     

    Middle Ages

    [edit]
    Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

    In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the Middle Ages.[41] For example, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

    The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly decorated and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous decorated, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the form of beds imitated the Roman ones, but have different designs of legs.[44]

    The main ornament of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but later as structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and escutcheon of chests have also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

    Renaissance

    [edit]

    Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

    17th and 18th centuries

    [edit]

    The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

    During the 18th century, the fashion was set in England by the French art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave way around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "first comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

    There is something so distinct in the development of taste in French furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

    19th century

    [edit]
    The Chevy Chase Sideboard by Gerrard Robinson. Often considered to be one of the finest furniture pieces of the 19th century and an icon of Victorian furniture.

    The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this time in North America as well.

    Early North American

    [edit]

    This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cherry or walnut.[citation needed]

    Mid-Century Modern

    [edit]
    Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) 1956

    The first three-quarters of the 20th century is seen as the march towards Modernism. The furniture designers of Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession all worked to some degree within the Modernist motto.

    Born from the Bauhaus and Streamline Moderne came the post-World War II style "Mid-Century Modern". Mid-Century Modern materials developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladimir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.

    Contemporary

    [edit]

    Industrialisation, Post-Modernism, and the Internet have allowed furniture design to become more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before. There are many modern styles of furniture design, each with roots in Classical, Modernist, and Post-Modern design and art movements. The growth of Maker Culture across the Western sphere of influence has encouraged higher participation and development of new, more accessible furniture design techniques. One unique outgrowth of this post-modern furniture design trajectory is Live Edge, which incorporates the natural surface of a tree as part of a furniture object, heralding a resurgence of these natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Additionally, the use of Epoxy Resin has become more prevalent in DIY furniture styles.

    Ecodesign

    [edit]
    Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign

    Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[69]

    Postmodernism

    [edit]

    Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.[citation needed]

    Asian history

    [edit]

    Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

    Far Eastern

    [edit]
    Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

    The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired by paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter furniture (stools and small chairs).[70]

    Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery powder, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cherry and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are also common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[71]

    Types

    [edit]

    For sitting

    [edit]

    Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most important.[2] In addition to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, as well as the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

    The simplest form of seat is the chair,[72] which is a piece of furniture designed to allow a single person to sit down, which has a back and legs, as well as a platform for sitting.[73] Chairs often feature cushions made from various fabrics.[74]

    Types of wood used

    [edit]
    Making of log furniture: cutting a bar stool from a piece of log

    All different types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Hardwood and softwood are the two main categories for wood. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses. Deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that change color periodically throughout the year, are the source of hardwood. Coniferous trees, also known as cone-bearing trees, have small leaves or needles that stay on the tree throughout the year.[75][76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air dried to rid it of its moisture.[77]

    Cherry

    [edit]

    A popular furniture hardwood is American black cherry. Cherry is a light reddish brown to brown color that intensifies into a rich color as it ages, and grows mostly in the eastern United States. Cherry has a tighter grain than birch and is softer. Much cherry lumber is narrow, and it has been utilized to make many lovely classic furniture pieces.[75]

    Birch

    [edit]

    Birch is a sturdy, durable, even-textured hardwood that is common in the United States and Canada. The wood appears white or creamy yellow to light brown with a crimson tinge in its natural state. Birch is frequently stained to complement other types of wood in furniture. Birch is used to make a lot of transparent, cabinet-grade plywood because it absorbs stain well and finishes beautifully. Birch is frequently used to construct interior doors and cupboards in addition to furniture.[75]

    Restoration of furniture

    [edit]

    Restoring a piece of furniture may imply attempting to repair and revive the original finish in some way. More often than not, this entails removing the existing treatment and preparing the raw wood for a new finish. Methods for repair depend on what kind of wood it is: solid or veneered, hardwood or softwood, open grained or closed grained. These variables can sometimes decide if a piece of furniture is worth repairing, as well as the type of repairs and finish it will require if it is restored. The 3 methods of restoring furniture are rejuvenate, repair, and refinish.

    Rejuvenate The piece can easily be restored by just cleaning and waxing the surface while preserving the current finish. It works on wooden furniture that is still in good shape and is the simplest way to clean it.

    Repair This process can fix dents and cracks by touching up some worn-out areas without removing the surface with this technique, the finish can be maintained while repairing the object with specialized products.

    Refinish Remove anything that is left for example any paint with a finish-stripper product or lightly sanding the area down and then applying wood finish like oil wax in order to protect the secure the wood.[75]

    Cleaning Remove dirt, dust, and grime from the furniture using a mild soap or specialized furniture cleaner.

    Standards for design, functionality and safety

    [edit]
    Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).
    • EN 527 Office furnitureWork tables and desks: This European standard specifies requirements and test methods for office work tables and desks, ensuring their functionality and safety.
    • EN 1335 Office furnitureOffice work chair: This European standard sets requirements for office chairs, focusing on ergonomics and comfort to promote user well-being and productivity.
    • ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating: This American National Standard, published by the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA), provides requirements for the performance and durability of office seating.
    • DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair: This German standard covers revolving office chairs with adjustable backrests, armrests, and height, ensuring their quality and safety.
    • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use: This European standard specifies the requirements for outdoor seating and tables used in various settings, including camping and domestic use.
    • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability: This European standard outlines test methods to assess the strength and durability of seating furniture, last updated in 2014.
    • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard provides test methods to evaluate the stability, strength, and durability of various types of furniture.
    • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture: This British Standard focuses on determining the stability of non-domestic storage furniture, helping ensure its safety and reliability.
    • EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard sets test methods to assess the stability, strength, and durability of bunk beds and high beds.
    • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods: This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for laboratory workbenches to ensure safe working conditions.
    • EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs, and tables for educational institutions: This European standard outlines requirements for educational furniture, including chairs and tables, to support comfort and ergonomics in educational settings.
    • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Germany: RAL is a German standardization organization, and RAL-GZ 430 provides guidelines and standards for various types of furniture in Germany.
    • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands: NEN is the Dutch Institute for Standardization, and NEN 1812 sets standards for furniture in the Netherlands.
    • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture: This Chinese standard specifies technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14.
    • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating: This British Standard outlines test methods to assess the ignitability of upholstered seating, both by smoldering and flaming ignition sources.
    • BS 7176: This British Standard specifies requirements for the resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture used in non-domestic settings through composite testing. These standards help ensure the quality, safety, and performance of various types of furniture in different regions and applications. Manufacturers and consumers often use these standards as guidelines to meet specific requirements and ensure product reliability.

    See also

    [edit]

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
    2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
    3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
    4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
    5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
    6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
    7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
    8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
    9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. 2.
    10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
    11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
    12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
    13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
    14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
    15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
    16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
    17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. 13–14.
    18. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 14.
    19. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 15.
    20. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 6.
    21. ^ a b Litchfield 2011, pp. 6–7.
    22. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 17.
    23. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 21.
    24. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 22.
    25. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 24.
    26. ^ a b c d e Blakemore 2006, p. 39.
    27. ^ Richter 1966, p. 125.
    28. ^ Richter 1966, p. 13.
    29. ^ Richter 1966, pp. 14, NH 5.11.2ff.
    30. ^ Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary Art," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1, ed. Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246.
    31. ^ Guhl, E.; Koner, W. (1989). Everyday Life in Greek and Roman Times. New York: Crescent. p. 133.
    32. ^ Wanscher 1980, p. 83.
    33. ^ Simpson, 253.[full citation needed]
    34. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 43.
    35. ^ Andrianou, 36.[full citation needed]
    36. ^ Richter 1966, p. 63.
    37. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 42.
    38. ^ Richter 1966, p. 66.
    39. ^ Chicago Painter. "Stamnos (Mixing Jar)". Art Institute of Chicago.
    40. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 61.
    41. ^ a b c d Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 33.
    42. ^ Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 35.
    43. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 172.
    44. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 174.
    45. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 206, 207, 209, 210 & 211.
    46. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    47. ^ Vazaca, Marina (1999). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României Ghidul ColecÈ›iilor (in Romanian). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României. p. 70. ISBN 2-7118-3840-4.
    48. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    49. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    50. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    51. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    52. ^ unknown (18 September 2013) [before 1923]. A history of feminine fashion. Nabu Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-289-62694-5.
    53. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0618252107.
    54. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 211.
    55. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    56. ^ "Pier Table". The Art Institute of Chicago.
    57. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    58. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 287.
    59. ^ "Slant-Front Desk". The Art Institute of Chicago.
    60. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    61. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    62. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    63. ^ a b Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
    64. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
    65. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
    66. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
    67. ^ "Desk". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
    68. ^ "Paris et l'Art Nouveau". Nº281 Dossier de l'Art (in French). Éditions Faton. 2020.
    69. ^ "Ecodesign Report – The Results of a survey Amongst Australian Industrial Design Consultancies". Big's Furniture. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
    70. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 152, 153, 154 & 156.
    71. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 164, 165 & 166.
    72. ^ "Physique of office chair". Foss Alborg. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
    73. ^ "Definition of CHAIR". www.merriam-webster.com. 3 June 2023.
    74. ^ Jefferys, Chris (2006). Soft Furnishings. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-903-1 – via Google Books.
    75. ^ a b c d Hingley, Brian D. (2021). Ultimate guide to furniture repair & refinishing : restore, rebuild, and renew wooden furniture. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58011-843-9. OCLC 1273413610.
    76. ^ "Types of Wood". Hoove Designs. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
    77. ^ Abbas, Abe. "Judge Quality in Wood Furniture". About.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

    References

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    Mover or movers may refer to:

    Persons with the surname

    [edit]

    See also

    [edit]