Richmond Moving Specialists

Richmond Moving Specialists

Moving trucks Richmond

You're not just getting a service; you're getting a moving experience tailored to your specific needs.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Moving quotes Richmond

  1. Interstate movers Richmond
  2. International moving Richmond
  3. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  4. Household goods movers Richmond
  5. Moving house Richmond
  6. Cross-city movers Richmond
  7. Reliable moving company
  8. Moving boxes Richmond
  9. Moving quotes Richmond
  10. Richmond home transition services
  11. Moving and logistics Richmond
  12. Cross-state moving Richmond
  13. Temporary storage services
  14. Richmond heavy-duty moving services
  15. Movers in Richmond VA
  16. Moving and packing Richmond
  17. Moving across state lines
  18. Best-rated movers Richmond
Learn more about Richmond Moving Specialists here This simple step saves a tremendous amount of time and frustration when unpacking.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Moving house Richmond

  1. Richmond storage solutions
  2. Moving company customer service
  3. Richmond moving packages
  4. Moving with pets Richmond
  5. Moving service guarantees
  6. Richmond moving agents
  7. Green moving services Richmond
  8. Licensed movers
  9. Full-service moving Richmond
  10. Long-term storage Richmond
  11. Affordable moving services
  12. Moving technology Richmond
  13. Movers for fragile items
  14. Moving cost estimator
  15. Packing services Richmond
  16. Relocation services
  17. Small move services Richmond
  18. Furniture assembly Richmond
  19. Moving service quotes Richmond
A detailed list of items to be moved allows their team to provide a more precise estimate, ensuring customers don't pay for unnecessary space or services.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Cross-country moving Richmond

  1. Richmond home transition services
  2. Moving and logistics Richmond
  3. Cross-state moving Richmond
  4. Temporary storage services
  5. Richmond heavy-duty moving services
  6. Movers in Richmond VA
  7. Moving and packing Richmond
  8. Moving across state lines
  9. Best-rated movers Richmond
  10. Moving industry Richmond
  11. Moving tips Richmond
  12. Moving service discounts
  13. Richmond professional relocation
  14. Short-term moving services Richmond
  15. Weekend movers Richmond
  16. Moving service for new homes
  17. Moving specialists Richmond
  18. Custom packing services Richmond
  19. Moving assistance Richmond
  20. Richmond VA moving companies
This tech-forward approach not only improves efficiency but also adds an extra layer of transparency and security, giving clients peace of mind throughout the moving process.
Our team's commitment doesn't stop at physical labor. Learn more about BBX Moving here. This level of customization extends to scheduling, where they accommodate the timing and pace preferred by the client. This transparency ensures that there are no surprises and that customers feel secure in their choice.
BBX Moving emphasizes the importance of strategic planning to minimize expenses without compromising the quality of service. This diversification reflected the company's dedication to meeting the unique needs of its clients, further establishing its reputation for versatility and reliability. In addition to their geographical coverage, BBX Moving takes pride in their ability to offer a range of services tailored to each specific area.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Interstate movers Richmond

  1. Student movers Richmond
  2. Professional packers Richmond
  3. Richmond flat-rate moving
  4. Corporate relocation services
  5. Moving services for large homes
  6. Richmond relocation packages
  7. Apartment movers Richmond
  8. Residential moving Richmond
  9. Moving help Richmond
  10. Local relocation Richmond
  11. Moving company pricing
  12. Experienced movers Richmond
  13. Moving services for seniors
  14. Fast movers Richmond
  15. Temporary moving labor Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
  17. Unpacking services Richmond
  18. Moving services for businesses
  19. Movers with specialty services
  20. Moving consultation Richmond

I couldn't be happier!'Another aspect frequently highlighted in the testimonials is BBX Moving's exceptional customer service. This means that clients don't have to worry about the unexpected; they're covered in every scenario. BBX Moving makes it easy to access your stored items.

BBX Moving actively seeks out and values customer input to continuously refine and enhance their services. Firstly, they emphasize the importance of planning.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Moving house Richmond

  1. Moving trucks Richmond
  2. Emergency moving services Richmond
  3. Cross-country moving Richmond
  4. Richmond packing materials
  5. Relocation specialists Richmond
  6. Affordable packing Richmond
  7. Interstate movers Richmond
  8. International moving Richmond
  9. Move-in/move-out cleaning services
  10. Household goods movers Richmond
  11. Moving house Richmond
  12. Cross-city movers Richmond
  13. Reliable moving company
  14. Moving boxes Richmond
  15. Moving quotes Richmond
  16. Richmond home transition services
Instead, they take the time to listen to their clients' needs, ensuring each piece is positioned and installed according to their preferences. Their commitment to satisfaction is evident in every interaction, from the initial quote to the final delivery. BBX Moving prioritizes the safety and security of clients' belongings as a cornerstone of its service.

From small office setups to large corporate relocations, they've got the expertise and equipment to handle it all. Their team is highly trained and equipped with the right tools to handle belongings with care, ensuring everything arrives at its destination in the same condition it left. This honesty fosters trust and reassures clients that they're dealing with a reputable company. This insurance is designed to cover loss or damage to items while they're in transit or storage, offering peace of mind that your valuables are safeguarded.

One customer, Sarah, highlights the crew's attention to detail during her complicated move across Richmond. One's experience with a moving company can significantly impact the overall stress of relocating. BBX Moving takes every precaution during transport to protect the art from any potential damage, employing climate-controlled vehicles for temperature-sensitive pieces. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, BBX Moving's reputation for excellence shines through their glowing testimonials.

They're setting their sights on leveraging the latest in technology to streamline the moving process, making it smoother and more efficient for everyone involved. Beyond just moving your belongings, they offer packing, unpacking, and storage solutions. Safety is another cornerstone of their professional ethos. Having these items easily accessible will alleviate a lot of stress on moving day.

Best Affordable Movers Richmond

Entity Name Description Source
Richmond, British Columbia A coastal city in British Columbia, Canada, known for its vibrant community, proximity to Vancouver, and multicultural heritage. Source
Moving company A business that assists individuals or organizations in transporting goods from one location to another, often providing additional services like packing, storage, and logistics. Source
Customer satisfaction A measurement that determines how products or services provided by a company meet or surpass customer expectations, often used as a key performance indicator for businesses. Source
Seafair A residential area in Richmond, British Columbia, known for its scenic beauty, family-friendly environment, and proximity to the Fraser River. Source
Logistics The detailed organization and implementation of complex operations, often involving the transportation, warehousing, and distribution of goods in supply chain management. Source

Top-Rated Movers in Richmond

During the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Richmond Olympic Oval was a venue for long track speed skating events.

Richmond Office Moving Services

Nearby Tourist Attractions

The Battery

Manhattan
Tourist attraction, Park
The Battery, New York, NY 10004, United States
Historic park with Ellis Island & Statue of Liberty views, plus ferry service to both islands.

Times Square

Manhattan
Plaza, Tourist attraction
Times Square, Manhattan, NY 10036, United States
Bustling destination in the heart of the Theater District known for bright lights, shopping & shows.

Empire State Building

Manhattan
Tourist attraction, Historical place museum, Observation deck, Historical landmark
Empire State Building, 20 W 34th St., New York, NY 10001, United States
Iconic, art deco office tower from 1931 with exhibits & observatories on the 86th & 102nd floors.

Madison Square Park

Manhattan
Tourist attraction, Park
Madison Square Park, 11 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10010, United States
Public green space featuring sculptures, a dog run & views of the Flatiron Building.

The Museum of Modern Art

Manhattan
Tourist attraction, Art gallery, Art museum, Museum, Modern art museum
The Museum of Modern Art, 11 W 53rd St, New York, NY 10019, United States
Works from van Gogh to Warhol & beyond plus a sculpture garden, 2 cafes & The Modern restaurant.


Citations and other links

Richmond House Movers

This approach not only benefits the environment but also offers customers a guilt-free relocation experience that aligns with their values of sustainability and conservation. This approach ensures easy unpacking and helps movers place boxes in the correct location. Over the past decade, they've shown a deep commitment to the Richmond area, not only through top-notch moving services but also by actively participating in community events and initiatives. By doing so, they've helped foster a sense of community and support for the next generation.

The company's journey from a modest start-up to a leading moving service provider in the area is a testament to its dedication and hard work.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Household goods movers Richmond

  1. Heavy item movers Richmond
  2. Moving checklist Richmond
  3. Office relocation services
  4. Packing professionals Richmond
  5. Moving insurance Richmond
  6. Commercial movers Richmond
  7. Same-day moving Richmond
  8. Best moving company Richmond
  9. Local moving company
  10. Moving house Richmond
  11. Cross-city movers Richmond
  12. Reliable moving company
  13. Moving boxes Richmond
  14. Moving quotes Richmond
  15. Richmond home transition services
  16. Moving and logistics Richmond
  17. Cross-state moving Richmond
  18. Temporary storage services
  19. Richmond heavy-duty moving services
But what sets them apart isn't just their range of services; it's the depth of their commitment to making every move as smooth as possible. Their involvement goes beyond mere sponsorship; they're hands-on, providing logistical support, manpower, and sometimes even coordinating events to ensure they're a success.

Their commitment doesn't stop at packing.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Relocation specialists Richmond

  1. Packing services Richmond
  2. Relocation services
  3. Small move services Richmond
  4. Furniture assembly Richmond
  5. Moving service quotes Richmond
  6. Furniture moving Richmond
  7. Richmond packing experts
  8. Heavy item movers Richmond
  9. Moving checklist Richmond
  10. Office relocation services
  11. Packing professionals Richmond
  12. Moving insurance Richmond
  13. Commercial movers Richmond
  14. Same-day moving Richmond
  15. Best moving company Richmond
  16. Local moving company
  17. Affordable packing Richmond
This approach ensures that clients comprehend every charge, fostering trust and clarity in the moving process. As we explore the mechanics behind their offerings, the environmental implications, and the real-life impact on customers' moving experiences, it becomes clear why those who choose BBX aren't just moving their belongings-they're moving towards a greener, more efficient future.

This level of protection is crucial, as it holds the moving company accountable and ensures that clients won't be left out of pocket in the unfortunate event of mishaps. They delve into the specifics of each relocation, from the volume of items to the destination's challenges, tailoring services that align perfectly with the client's requirements. You'll know exactly who's handling your items, adding an extra layer of security to the process.

Richmond House Movers
Moving Services Near Me Richmond

Moving Services Near Me Richmond

They're experts at packing everything from delicate dishes and glassware to bulky furniture and electronics. BBX Moving believes in clear communication, providing detailed quotes that outline all potential costs without hidden fees. BBX Moving excels in both arenas, offering tailored solutions to ensure a seamless transition, whether you're moving across town or across the country. They're always ready to answer any questions and provide updates on the progress of your move. BBX Moving leverages cutting-edge technology to revolutionize the moving process.

Richmond Moving Specialists - International moving Richmond

  1. Custom packing services Richmond
  2. Moving assistance Richmond
  3. Richmond VA moving companies
  4. Student movers Richmond
  5. Professional packers Richmond
  6. Richmond flat-rate moving
  7. Corporate relocation services
  8. Moving services for large homes
  9. Richmond relocation packages
  10. Apartment movers Richmond
  11. Residential moving Richmond
  12. Moving help Richmond
  13. Local relocation Richmond
  14. Moving company pricing
  15. Experienced movers Richmond
  16. Moving services for seniors
  17. Fast movers Richmond
  18. Temporary moving labor Richmond

Their packages range from the Essential, catering to those who prefer a more DIY approach but still need transport, to the Premium, which includes full-service packing, moving, and unpacking. They know that time is of the essence, especially when it comes to business relocations or setting up a new home. BBX Moving's dedication to tailored moving solutions has earned them a reputation as Richmond's trusted moving company. This level of transparency builds trust and eases the stress that comes with moving.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Cross-country moving Richmond

  1. Furniture moving Richmond
  2. Richmond packing experts
  3. Heavy item movers Richmond
  4. Moving checklist Richmond
  5. Office relocation services
  6. Packing professionals Richmond
  7. Moving insurance Richmond
  8. Commercial movers Richmond
  9. Same-day moving Richmond
  10. Best moving company Richmond
  11. Local moving company
  12. Temporary storage services
  13. Richmond heavy-duty moving services
  14. Movers in Richmond VA
  15. Moving and packing Richmond
  16. Moving across state lines
  17. Best-rated movers Richmond

It's clear why they're a preferred choice for residents and businesses in Richmond and beyond. Moreover, the team's professionalism extends beyond their moving skills. This flexibility ensures that clients have exactly the support they need. Read more about Richmond Moving Specialists here Without the overhead costs associated with national chains, they can provide more cost-effective solutions without compromising on quality.
They also suggest decluttering before packing, as reducing the volume of belongings can significantly cut moving costs. Whether you're moving across town or the country, BBX Moving's team of experienced professionals is there to make the process as smooth and stress-free as possible. From the initial consultation to the final unpacking, they work closely with clients to understand their needs and preferences.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Affordable packing Richmond

  1. Moving with pets Richmond
  2. Moving service guarantees
  3. Richmond moving agents
  4. Green moving services Richmond
  5. Licensed movers
  6. Full-service moving Richmond
  7. Long-term storage Richmond
  8. Affordable moving services
  9. Moving technology Richmond
  10. Movers for fragile items
  11. Moving cost estimator
  12. Packing services Richmond
  13. Relocation services
  14. Small move services Richmond
  15. Furniture assembly Richmond
  16. Moving service quotes Richmond
  17. Furniture moving Richmond
  18. Richmond packing experts
Moreover, plastic box rentals present a cost-effective solution for consumers.



Richmond Moving Specialists - International moving Richmond

  1. Small move services Richmond
  2. Furniture assembly Richmond
  3. Moving service quotes Richmond
  4. Furniture moving Richmond
  5. Richmond packing experts
  6. Heavy item movers Richmond
  7. Moving checklist Richmond
  8. Office relocation services
  9. Packing professionals Richmond
  10. Moving insurance Richmond
  11. Commercial movers Richmond
  12. Same-day moving Richmond
  13. Best moving company Richmond
  14. Local moving company
  15. Moving quotes Richmond

Moving experts in Richmond BC

To help, they've shared some indispensable packing tips that promise to make your next move smoother. With a deep understanding of the unique challenges presented by the Richmond landscape, BBX Moving tailors its services to meet the specific needs of each client, guaranteeing satisfaction across the board. This level of attentiveness has established BBX Moving as a leader in customer satisfaction within the moving industry.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Cross-city movers Richmond

  1. Movers with packing services
  2. Unpacking services Richmond
  3. Moving services for businesses
  4. Movers with specialty services
  5. Moving consultation Richmond
  6. Richmond storage solutions
  7. Moving company customer service
  8. Richmond moving packages
  9. Moving with pets Richmond
  10. Moving service guarantees
  11. Richmond moving agents
  12. Green moving services Richmond
  13. Licensed movers
  14. Full-service moving Richmond
  15. Long-term storage Richmond
  16. Affordable moving services
  17. Moving technology Richmond
  18. Movers for fragile items
  19. Moving cost estimator
This ensures that every mover who handles your items knows exactly how to pack, load, and transport them safely, minimizing the risk of damage.

Each member of our moving team undergoes rigorous training, focusing on both the technical skills required for safe and effective moving practices and the soft skills necessary for excellent customer service. Their professionals are equipped with the right tools and knowledge, guaranteeing a seamless assembly process. When it comes to relocating, the question isn't just who'll move your belongings, but who'll move them with the utmost care and professionalism?

It's not just about moving items from one place to another; it's about doing so with the utmost care and protection, giving clients one less thing to worry about during their move. Their platform allows customers to easily track their move in real-time, offering peace of mind and eliminating the guesswork that often accompanies relocation. They've mastered the art of making every move as seamless as possible, ensuring customers don't just get their items from point A to B, but also enjoy a stress-free experience.

Having these essentials at hand can greatly reduce the stress of the first few nights in a new home. If the quote fits your budget, you can proceed to book your move. This dedication to safety and security is also mirrored in their choice of storage solutions.



Richmond Moving Specialists - Cross-state moving Richmond

  1. Student movers Richmond
  2. Professional packers Richmond
  3. Richmond flat-rate moving
  4. Corporate relocation services
  5. Moving services for large homes
  6. Richmond relocation packages
  7. Apartment movers Richmond
  8. Residential moving Richmond
  9. Moving help Richmond
  10. Local relocation Richmond
  11. Moving company pricing
  12. Experienced movers Richmond
  13. Moving services for seniors
  14. Fast movers Richmond
  15. Temporary moving labor Richmond
  16. Movers with packing services
Moving experts in Richmond BC
Best Relocation Services Richmond
Best Relocation Services Richmond

Early scheduling doesn't just benefit the moving company; it gives you peace of mind. Whether it's a small apartment or a large corporate office, BBX Moving has the expertise and the resources to ensure a smooth transition. Whether you need custom crating for artwork or reinforced boxes for electronics, BBX Moving has got you covered. They recommend starting the moving process early by decluttering and organizing items to ensure a smoother move. The company's commitment to sustainability doesn't stop at their product selection; they've also implemented a cleaning and reuse cycle that ensures each box is sanitized and ready for the next customer, minimizing environmental impact.

BBX Moving's initiative not only provides a practical, cost-effective option for movers but also supports a healthier planet by minimizing the ecological footprint of moving activities. BBX Moving understands this and recommends that its clients prioritize organization from the outset. They've turned local moving into an art form, ensuring that every client enjoys a stress-free relocation experience. By selling, donating, or discarding items that are no longer needed, customers can lower the volume of goods to be transported, directly impacting the moving cost.

In the rare event of an unforeseen issue, you're covered. But what truly sets BBX Moving apart is their attention to detail and personalized service. They offer climate-controlled units to protect sensitive items from extreme temperatures and humidity, alongside 24/7 security monitoring to ensure safety. With a keen focus on streamlining every aspect of the moving journey, BBX Moving ensures a smooth, stress-free experience for its clients.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Richmond packing materials

  1. Richmond relocation packages
  2. Apartment movers Richmond
  3. Residential moving Richmond
  4. Moving help Richmond
  5. Local relocation Richmond
  6. Moving company pricing
  7. Experienced movers Richmond
  8. Moving services for seniors
  9. Fast movers Richmond
  10. Temporary moving labor Richmond
  11. Movers with packing services
  12. Unpacking services Richmond
  13. Moving services for businesses
  14. Movers with specialty services
  15. Moving consultation Richmond
  16. Richmond storage solutions
  17. Moving company customer service
  18. Richmond moving packages


They're committed to completing moves efficiently without compromising on care or quality.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Moving quotes Richmond

  1. Unpacking services Richmond
  2. Moving services for businesses
  3. Movers with specialty services
  4. Moving consultation Richmond
  5. Richmond storage solutions
  6. Moving company customer service
  7. Richmond moving packages
  8. Moving with pets Richmond
  9. Moving service guarantees
  10. Richmond moving agents
  11. Green moving services Richmond
  12. Licensed movers
  13. Full-service moving Richmond
  14. Long-term storage Richmond
  15. Affordable moving services
  16. Moving technology Richmond
  17. Movers for fragile items
  18. Moving cost estimator
  19. Packing services Richmond
  20. Relocation services
BBX Moving emphasizes the importance of choosing a reputable moving company that specializes in long-distance relocations. Climate control keeps these items in optimal conditions, reducing the risk of warping, cracking, or other damage.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Moving trucks Richmond

  1. Moving industry Richmond
  2. Moving tips Richmond
  3. Moving service discounts
  4. Richmond professional relocation
  5. Short-term moving services Richmond
  6. Weekend movers Richmond
  7. Moving service for new homes
  8. Moving specialists Richmond
  9. Custom packing services Richmond
  10. Moving assistance Richmond
  11. Richmond VA moving companies
  12. Student movers Richmond
  13. Professional packers Richmond
  14. Richmond flat-rate moving
  15. Corporate relocation services
  16. Moving services for large homes
In addition to their reusable plastic boxes, BBX Moving also offers a range of sustainable packing materials, ensuring every aspect of your move is eco-friendly.

Affordable Professional Movers Richmond

BBX Moving doesn't just stop at transporting belongings from one place to another. BBX Moving suggests separating your belongings into categories: keep, donate, sell, and discard. This includes the development of a user-friendly app that'll allow customers to easily schedule moves, track their belongings in real time, and access valuable moving resources at their fingertips. This method not only speeds up the inventory phase but also significantly reduces the risk of lost or misplaced items.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Affordable packing Richmond

  1. Movers in Richmond VA
  2. Moving and packing Richmond
  3. Moving across state lines
  4. Best-rated movers Richmond
  5. Moving industry Richmond
  6. Moving tips Richmond
  7. Moving service discounts
  8. Richmond professional relocation
  9. Short-term moving services Richmond
  10. Weekend movers Richmond
  11. Moving service for new homes
  12. Moving specialists Richmond
  13. Custom packing services Richmond
  14. Moving assistance Richmond
  15. Richmond VA moving companies
Knowing how to protect valuables securely can save a lot of headaches upon arrival.
Customers can easily schedule box delivery and pickup around their moving timeline, eliminating the need for last-minute box sourcing.

Richmond Moving Specialists - Household goods movers Richmond

  1. Moving and logistics Richmond
  2. Cross-state moving Richmond
  3. Temporary storage services
  4. Richmond heavy-duty moving services
  5. Movers in Richmond VA
  6. Moving and packing Richmond
  7. Moving across state lines
  8. Best-rated movers Richmond
  9. Moving industry Richmond
  10. Moving tips Richmond
  11. Moving service discounts
  12. Richmond professional relocation
  13. Short-term moving services Richmond
  14. Weekend movers Richmond
  15. Moving service for new homes
  16. Moving specialists Richmond
Mid-week and mid-month moves often come at a lower cost compared to weekend or end-of-month relocations when demand peaks. In a market filled with options, choosing BBX Moving means opting for a partner that values your peace of mind as much as you do. Their team is well-versed in the challenges that come with moving within a city like Richmond.
They're not just movers; they're strategic planners who anticipate potential hurdles well in advance. They've strategically chosen locations that not only demand their high-quality moving services but also benefit from their commitment to customer satisfaction. BBX's team of experts crafts a strategic moving plan, factoring in everything from the size of your inventory to your preferred timeline. BBX Moving prides itself on its team of seasoned professionals who bring unparalleled expertise to every move.
They understand that moving isn't just about transporting items from one place to another; it's about handling someone's life memories with care. BBX Moving recognizes that every move is unique, so they offer flexible options that allow customers to pick and choose services that best fit their situation. This window provides enough time to assess your needs, offer a detailed quote, and prepare the necessary logistics. Each year, they collect donations and gifts for families in need, ensuring that the spirit of giving extends beyond their services.

Explore Richmond Moving Specialists here
Affordable Professional Movers Richmond
Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), wood and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis XVI), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with glass top (Contemporary)

Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is a return to natural shapes and textures.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture,[2] the noun form of fournir, which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages as well as German use variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, meaning "moveable goods".[6]

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks as rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the existence of constructed furniture is a Venus figurine found at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone balls also found at the site.

Antiquity

[edit]

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th–8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]

Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Evidence of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

During the Dynastic Period, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily constructed using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood found in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, so it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join two shorter pieces together and form a longer beam was one example of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive wood on the surface.[18]

The earliest used seating furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family down to ordinary citizens.[19] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a simple three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for comfort during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were decorated with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to only wealthy and high ranking people, and seen as a status symbol; they did not reach ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a straight back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] as well as beds and storage chests.[24][25]

Ancient Greece

[edit]
Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with cheap solid wood, then apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture construction also made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a piece together.[26] Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

The modern word "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρÏŒνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/hierarchy or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, constructed by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in most Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used as a bed, but also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were low and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would have used a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and construction. Rome gradually superseded Greece as the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the two is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

Roman furniture was constructed principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very little wooden furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and also practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

 

Middle Ages

[edit]
Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the Middle Ages.[41] For example, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly decorated and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous decorated, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the form of beds imitated the Roman ones, but have different designs of legs.[44]

The main ornament of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but later as structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and escutcheon of chests have also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

Renaissance

[edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

17th and 18th centuries

[edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the fashion was set in England by the French art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave way around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "first comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something so distinct in the development of taste in French furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

19th century

[edit]
The Chevy Chase Sideboard by Gerrard Robinson. Often considered to be one of the finest furniture pieces of the 19th century and an icon of Victorian furniture.

The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this time in North America as well.

Early North American

[edit]

This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cherry or walnut.[citation needed]

Mid-Century Modern

[edit]
Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) 1956

The first three-quarters of the 20th century is seen as the march towards Modernism. The furniture designers of Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession all worked to some degree within the Modernist motto.

Born from the Bauhaus and Streamline Moderne came the post-World War II style "Mid-Century Modern". Mid-Century Modern materials developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladimir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.

Contemporary

[edit]

Industrialisation, Post-Modernism, and the Internet have allowed furniture design to become more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before. There are many modern styles of furniture design, each with roots in Classical, Modernist, and Post-Modern design and art movements. The growth of Maker Culture across the Western sphere of influence has encouraged higher participation and development of new, more accessible furniture design techniques. One unique outgrowth of this post-modern furniture design trajectory is Live Edge, which incorporates the natural surface of a tree as part of a furniture object, heralding a resurgence of these natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Additionally, the use of Epoxy Resin has become more prevalent in DIY furniture styles.

Ecodesign

[edit]
Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign

Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[69]

Postmodernism

[edit]

Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.[citation needed]

Asian history

[edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern

[edit]
Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired by paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter furniture (stools and small chairs).[70]

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery powder, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cherry and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are also common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[71]

Types

[edit]

For sitting

[edit]

Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most important.[2] In addition to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, as well as the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest form of seat is the chair,[72] which is a piece of furniture designed to allow a single person to sit down, which has a back and legs, as well as a platform for sitting.[73] Chairs often feature cushions made from various fabrics.[74]

Types of wood used

[edit]
Making of log furniture: cutting a bar stool from a piece of log

All different types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Hardwood and softwood are the two main categories for wood. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses. Deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that change color periodically throughout the year, are the source of hardwood. Coniferous trees, also known as cone-bearing trees, have small leaves or needles that stay on the tree throughout the year.[75][76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air dried to rid it of its moisture.[77]

Cherry

[edit]

A popular furniture hardwood is American black cherry. Cherry is a light reddish brown to brown color that intensifies into a rich color as it ages, and grows mostly in the eastern United States. Cherry has a tighter grain than birch and is softer. Much cherry lumber is narrow, and it has been utilized to make many lovely classic furniture pieces.[75]

Birch

[edit]

Birch is a sturdy, durable, even-textured hardwood that is common in the United States and Canada. The wood appears white or creamy yellow to light brown with a crimson tinge in its natural state. Birch is frequently stained to complement other types of wood in furniture. Birch is used to make a lot of transparent, cabinet-grade plywood because it absorbs stain well and finishes beautifully. Birch is frequently used to construct interior doors and cupboards in addition to furniture.[75]

Restoration of furniture

[edit]

Restoring a piece of furniture may imply attempting to repair and revive the original finish in some way. More often than not, this entails removing the existing treatment and preparing the raw wood for a new finish. Methods for repair depend on what kind of wood it is: solid or veneered, hardwood or softwood, open grained or closed grained. These variables can sometimes decide if a piece of furniture is worth repairing, as well as the type of repairs and finish it will require if it is restored. The 3 methods of restoring furniture are rejuvenate, repair, and refinish.

Rejuvenate The piece can easily be restored by just cleaning and waxing the surface while preserving the current finish. It works on wooden furniture that is still in good shape and is the simplest way to clean it.

Repair This process can fix dents and cracks by touching up some worn-out areas without removing the surface with this technique, the finish can be maintained while repairing the object with specialized products.

Refinish Remove anything that is left for example any paint with a finish-stripper product or lightly sanding the area down and then applying wood finish like oil wax in order to protect the secure the wood.[75]

Cleaning Remove dirt, dust, and grime from the furniture using a mild soap or specialized furniture cleaner.

Standards for design, functionality and safety

[edit]
Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).
  • EN 527 Office furnitureWork tables and desks: This European standard specifies requirements and test methods for office work tables and desks, ensuring their functionality and safety.
  • EN 1335 Office furnitureOffice work chair: This European standard sets requirements for office chairs, focusing on ergonomics and comfort to promote user well-being and productivity.
  • ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating: This American National Standard, published by the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA), provides requirements for the performance and durability of office seating.
  • DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair: This German standard covers revolving office chairs with adjustable backrests, armrests, and height, ensuring their quality and safety.
  • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use: This European standard specifies the requirements for outdoor seating and tables used in various settings, including camping and domestic use.
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability: This European standard outlines test methods to assess the strength and durability of seating furniture, last updated in 2014.
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard provides test methods to evaluate the stability, strength, and durability of various types of furniture.
  • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture: This British Standard focuses on determining the stability of non-domestic storage furniture, helping ensure its safety and reliability.
  • EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard sets test methods to assess the stability, strength, and durability of bunk beds and high beds.
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods: This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for laboratory workbenches to ensure safe working conditions.
  • EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs, and tables for educational institutions: This European standard outlines requirements for educational furniture, including chairs and tables, to support comfort and ergonomics in educational settings.
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Germany: RAL is a German standardization organization, and RAL-GZ 430 provides guidelines and standards for various types of furniture in Germany.
  • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands: NEN is the Dutch Institute for Standardization, and NEN 1812 sets standards for furniture in the Netherlands.
  • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture: This Chinese standard specifies technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14.
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating: This British Standard outlines test methods to assess the ignitability of upholstered seating, both by smoldering and flaming ignition sources.
  • BS 7176: This British Standard specifies requirements for the resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture used in non-domestic settings through composite testing. These standards help ensure the quality, safety, and performance of various types of furniture in different regions and applications. Manufacturers and consumers often use these standards as guidelines to meet specific requirements and ensure product reliability.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. 2.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
  17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 14.
  19. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 15.
  20. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 6.
  21. ^ a b Litchfield 2011, pp. 6–7.
  22. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 17.
  23. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 21.
  24. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 22.
  25. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 24.
  26. ^ a b c d e Blakemore 2006, p. 39.
  27. ^ Richter 1966, p. 125.
  28. ^ Richter 1966, p. 13.
  29. ^ Richter 1966, pp. 14, NH 5.11.2ff.
  30. ^ Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary Art," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1, ed. Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246.
  31. ^ Guhl, E.; Koner, W. (1989). Everyday Life in Greek and Roman Times. New York: Crescent. p. 133.
  32. ^ Wanscher 1980, p. 83.
  33. ^ Simpson, 253.[full citation needed]
  34. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 43.
  35. ^ Andrianou, 36.[full citation needed]
  36. ^ Richter 1966, p. 63.
  37. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 42.
  38. ^ Richter 1966, p. 66.
  39. ^ Chicago Painter. "Stamnos (Mixing Jar)". Art Institute of Chicago.
  40. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 61.
  41. ^ a b c d Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 33.
  42. ^ Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 35.
  43. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 172.
  44. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 174.
  45. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 206, 207, 209, 210 & 211.
  46. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  47. ^ Vazaca, Marina (1999). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României Ghidul ColecÈ›iilor (in Romanian). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României. p. 70. ISBN 2-7118-3840-4.
  48. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  49. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  50. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  51. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  52. ^ unknown (18 September 2013) [before 1923]. A history of feminine fashion. Nabu Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-289-62694-5.
  53. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0618252107.
  54. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 211.
  55. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  56. ^ "Pier Table". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  57. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  58. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 287.
  59. ^ "Slant-Front Desk". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  60. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  61. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  62. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  63. ^ a b Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  64. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  65. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  66. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  67. ^ "Desk". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  68. ^ "Paris et l'Art Nouveau". Nº281 Dossier de l'Art (in French). Éditions Faton. 2020.
  69. ^ "Ecodesign Report – The Results of a survey Amongst Australian Industrial Design Consultancies". Big's Furniture. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  70. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 152, 153, 154 & 156.
  71. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 164, 165 & 166.
  72. ^ "Physique of office chair". Foss Alborg. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  73. ^ "Definition of CHAIR". www.merriam-webster.com. 3 June 2023.
  74. ^ Jefferys, Chris (2006). Soft Furnishings. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-903-1 – via Google Books.
  75. ^ a b c d Hingley, Brian D. (2021). Ultimate guide to furniture repair & refinishing : restore, rebuild, and renew wooden furniture. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58011-843-9. OCLC 1273413610.
  76. ^ "Types of Wood". Hoove Designs. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  77. ^ Abbas, Abe. "Judge Quality in Wood Furniture". About.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

References

[edit]
[edit]

 

 

 

Mover or movers may refer to:

Persons with the surname

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Frequently Asked Questions

BBX Moving quickly adapts to unexpected weather by rescheduling or using protective measures to ensure the move's safety. They're equipped with covers and tools to protect belongings, guaranteeing a smooth transition despite the weather.

BBX Moving prioritizes eco-friendly practices by using sustainable materials and offering clients green solutions. They've adapted their packing and moving processes to reduce environmental impact, ensuring customers have options for environmentally conscious moves.

BBX Moving addresses accidental damage by promptly assessing the situation, offering fair compensation, and making necessary repairs. They focus on customer satisfaction and ensure their clients' property is handled with the utmost care.