Window repair and replacement Northbrook

Window repair and replacement Northbrook

window contractors

What sets the McCann installation team apart is their commitment to excellence. This precision not only improves the aesthetic appeal of your windows but also significantly enhances their thermal performance. Learn more about Window repair and replacement Northbrook here You'll never be left in the dark wondering about the status of your project. This aftercare service demonstrates their commitment to lasting relationships, not just transactions. The use of premium quality materials, combined with the expertise of the installation team, not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of your residence but also its energy efficiency.
McCann's selection is crafted from the highest quality materials, ensuring they're not only aesthetically pleasing but also energy-efficient. thermal insulation windows This not only cuts down on your energy bills but also reduces the strain on our natural resources. The question then becomes, what sets their approach apart in a market flooded with options? Secondly, inspect your windows regularly for any signs of wear and tear.
It's straightforward. Our windows come equipped with the latest in energy-saving features, including double or triple glazing, low-E coatings, and argon gas fills between panes. We've selected siding options that come with integrated insulation, boosting your home's ability to maintain a consistent temperature. McCann Window & Exteriors doesn't just focus on the functional aspect of window installation; they're deeply invested in how these changes elevate your home's overall look and feel. Learn more about McCann Window & Exteriors here.
Moreover, their team of skilled professionals uses only the highest quality materials and the latest installation techniques to guarantee your new windows will stand the test of time. Understanding that every home is unique, McCann Window & Exteriors offers customized installation options to suit your specific needs. Whether you're looking for low monthly payments or prefer a plan with no interest, there's a solution that's right for you. They play a key role in insulating your space, keeping the cold out during winter and the heat out during summer.

It's about making a statement and creating an ambiance that reflects your style. This isn't a one-size-fits-all deal; it's about crafting a solution that fits your home like a glove. Understanding that every home is unique, we offer tailored solutions to meet your specific window installation needs. window renovation Bay and bow windows can add significant charm and space to your living area, creating a cozy nook or a panoramic view of the outdoors.
It's all about understanding what you're looking for and how McCann can help bring that to life. They don't stop there. This personalized approach guarantees that you're making an educated decision tailored to your unique situation.
Common reasons include improving your home's energy efficiency, enhancing its appearance, or fixing damaged frames and panes. McCann's team is praised for their communication, keeping clients informed every step of the way and answering any questions with clarity and patience. They don't just offer window solutions; they provide customized experiences tailored to each homeowner's needs, backed by exceptional customer service. Read more about Window repair and replacement Northbrook here
You'll come across testimonials highlighting how McCann's experts weren't only timely but also meticulous in their work, ensuring every detail was perfect. Moreover, if you're thinking of giving your home's exterior a makeover, McCann's siding services are worth considering.

bay windows

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  2. fiberglass windows
  3. aluminum windows
  4. new window frames
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  10. retrofit window installation
  11. skylight installation
  12. new construction windows
  13. bow windows
  14. window condensation solutions
  15. sliding windows
  16. window installation techniques
  17. uPVC windows
They walked me through the process, ensuring I understood every step.' This level of engagement and transparency is a recurring theme in the feedback.

Citations and other links

Window installation Northbrook

Once McCann's team has expertly installed your new windows, you'll want to make sure you're doing your part to keep them in top shape. Firstly, familiarize yourself with the cleaning instructions specific to your window materials. Investing in quality windows is a smart choice for any homeowner. window energy efficiency audits As we explore the nuances of their approach, from the initial consultation to the meticulous installation process, and the ongoing support provided to clients, you'll discover how McCann Window & Exteriors is not just changing windows, but setting new standards for what homeowners can expect from home improvement services. We understand that each home is unique, and off-the-shelf options often don't capture the essence or requirements of your living space.

You'll find their team volunteering at local events, sponsoring youth sports teams, and participating in charity drives. She raves about the seamless process, from the initial consultation to the final installation, saying, 'McCann's team was professional, efficient, and left my home spotless. You can also select from various window types, such as double-hung, casement, bay, bow, and more, to complement your home's character.

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  9. frosted windows
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  12. window energy rebates
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  14. eco-friendly window materials
  15. insulated glass units
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  17. home improvement contractors
  18. window safety locks
With McCann, you're not just getting new windows; you're getting a commitment to excellence.

When you choose McCann for your window installations, you're not just getting high-quality products; you're also securing peace of mind. The McCann Window & Exteriors team will arrive at your doorstep, ready to transform your space. Our team of certified professionals will arrive on time, ready to transform your space. McCann's approach ensures that every detail of your project receives meticulous attention.

That's why they've designed their service with you in mind, making the process as smooth and stress-free as possible. Having explored the energy-efficient options for your home's exterior, let's now focus on how our expert installation process ensures these features perform at their best. When you're weighing window installation services in Window repair and replacement Northbrook, mastering 'The McCann Way' might mark a meaningful milestone in your home improvement journey. As McCann Window & Exteriors pushes forward, the company is gearing up to introduce cutting-edge innovations in window technology and installation processes.

double-hung windows

  • window energy rating
  • custom window installation
  • energy-efficient windows
  • home window repair
  • window frame repair
  • glass replacement
  • security windows
  • home energy audits
  • window maintenance
  • tinted windows
  • window flashing
  • commercial glass replacement
  • window upgrade services
  • window repair specialists
  • window material comparison
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Window installation Northbrook
Custom insulated windows Northbrook

Custom insulated windows Northbrook

The customization doesn't stop at materials. You might wonder how they set themselves apart in those early days. From classic wood finishes that add warmth and elegance to modern, durable fiberglass that withstands the elements, there's a perfect match for every aesthetic preference. This company has carved out a niche for itself by seamlessly blending these elements, ensuring that every project isn't just about installing windows but about enhancing homes with a keen eye on sustainability, efficiency, and aesthetic appeal.

It's not just about making a profit; it's about making a difference. McCann's offerings are engineered to be energy-efficient, ensuring that your home is as comfortable as it's attractive. With their high-quality windows and doors, you're not just getting a style upgrade.

We understand that your time is precious. You'll find that their windows and doors are crafted from recycled wood and aluminum. window installer certification McCann's commitment to excellence isn't just about the end product.

Their 20-year-old windows were drafty, not keeping out the cold of winter or the heat of summer. Isn't it curious how you've been thinking about upgrading your windows just as we're about to explore why McCann Window & Exteriors stands out in Northbrook for window installation services?

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First off, you're probably wondering how long the installation process will take.

Northbrook trusted window professionals

They don't just stop at windows; they also offer professional door installation services, ensuring your home's entrances are both welcoming and secure. In addition, McCann's customer service team is always on hand to answer any questions you might've about your warranty. window installation permits New windows can drastically reduce your heating and cooling costs by providing better insulation. Plus, we're committed to keeping you informed every step of the way, ensuring your installation experience is as smooth and stress-free as possible.

What's more, McCann makes the warranty process straightforward and hassle-free. This means if you ever encounter an issue with our installation, we're just a call away from making it right. Whether you're looking for energy-efficient options to reduce your bills, seeking to enhance your home's aesthetic with custom designs, or needing to address specific climate challenges in Northbrook, we've got you covered.

You're not just paying for the window; you're investing in peace of mind, knowing that your home is in skilled hands. Plus, they provide various financing options to make your window replacement project more manageable.

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window replacement If you encounter any issues, their responsive customer service team is just a call away, ready to assist with repairs, replacements, or any queries you might have.

This choice not only gives a second life to materials that would otherwise end up in landfills but also ensures that your home's fixtures are made from resources that require less energy to process. Customers have shared stories about McCann's ability to transform their homes, making rooms brighter and more energy-efficient. They offer transparent pricing, so you'll know exactly what you're paying for, with no hidden fees or surprise charges.

Northbrook trusted window professionals
Northbrook home energy window systems
Northbrook home energy window systems

At McCann, we'll help you weigh these options, focusing on materials that not only endure but also complement your home's style. You're treated like family, with your concerns and preferences at the forefront. You're about to see a revolution in how windows enhance not just your home's aesthetics but also its energy efficiency and security. You won't just read about the aesthetic improvements; many have noted significant reductions in their energy bills, thanks to the efficient windows installed. picture windows As we explore their journey from a small startup to a leading name in the industry, we'll uncover the milestones that have defined their success, the range of services that set them apart, and the testimonials from customers who've seen their homes transformed.

You can expect McCann to stay at the forefront of the industry, adopting the latest advancements in materials and techniques. After exploring how McCann Window & Exteriors transforms homes, it's crucial to consider how you can maintain these enhancements to ensure their longevity and continued performance. This step ensures that the windows you select are perfect for your home's aesthetics and functional requirements. Moreover, these windows maintain their beauty without the constant upkeep that older models require.

The right windows not only flood your space with natural light but also add a touch of sophistication and style.

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With McCann, you're not just improving your home; you're investing in a legacy of excellence.

thermal insulation windows

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  • window manufacturing
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Choosing the right materials for your windows is crucial for ensuring they stand the test of time and weather. And remember, we stand by our work with the assurance of our comprehensive support system, making your investment secure.

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  11. frosted windows
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You'll find they're respectful of your home, maintaining a clean workspace and minimizing any disruption to your daily routine. I couldn't believe the difference new windows made in my living room's look and feel.' It's not just about beauty; it's about efficiency too. Next, McCann schedules a free, no-obligation consultation at your home. Choosing McCann means opting for a partner who listens and delivers tailor-made windows that align with your vision, improve your home's energy performance, and elevate your living environment.

window trim installation

  1. retrofit window installation
  2. skylight installation
  3. new construction windows
  4. bow windows
  5. window condensation solutions
  6. sliding windows
  7. window installation techniques
  8. uPVC windows
  9. building envelope solutions
  10. window measurement tools
  11. sustainable home renovation
  12. home renovation services
  13. window construction materials
  14. soundproof windows
  15. vinyl windows
  16. window hardware
  17. window replacement estimate
  18. wooden window frames
  19. window repair contractors


window installation cost Northbrook

They've honed their skills over 35 years, ensuring you'll receive the highest quality of service, whether you're looking for new windows, door installations, or siding solutions. double-hung windows Once you've set up your consultation, a skilled specialist from McCann will visit your home at a convenient time to assess your current windows, discuss potential designs, and offer professional advice on the best options for your space. bay windows We then recommend solutions that align with your goals and budget. Whether you've chosen vinyl, wood, or aluminum, each requires a slightly different approach to keep them looking their best.
This approach isn't just about installing windows; it's an immersive experience that marries meticulous craftsmanship with unmatched customer care. With a wide range of styles, colors, and finishes available, you can choose windows that complement your home's architecture and increase its curb appeal. Initiating your journey with McCann for top-notch window installations begins with a simple, straightforward step: contacting their team to schedule a consultation.
Moreover, McCann stands behind their work with robust warranties and aftercare services, giving you peace of mind that your investment is protected. Moreover, McCann's choice of materials includes a variety of styles and finishes, allowing you to customize your windows to perfectly match your home's architecture and your personal taste. When you choose McCann Window & Exteriors for your window needs, you're not just getting top-notch installation service; you're also securing peace of mind. low-E glass windows
This means you can enjoy a cozy living environment regardless of the season. This prevents buildup of dirt and grime that can impair the window's operation and aesthetics. McCann Window & Exteriors doesn't just excel in sustainable window solutions; they're deeply rooted in giving back to the Northbrook community through various involvement initiatives.

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window installation cost Northbrook
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Various examples of windows

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame[1] in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window.[2] Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed to exclude inclement weather. Windows may have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts.

Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture windows, rose windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows.

Etymology

[edit]

The English language-word window originates from the Old Norse vindauga, from vindr 'wind' and auga 'eye'.[3] In Norwegian, Nynorsk, and Icelandic, the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for gluggi, the Icelandic word for 'window'[4]). In Swedish, the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu, the direct link to eye is lost, just as for window. The Danish (but not the Bokmål) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window.

Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl, which literally means 'eye-hole', and eagduru 'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word fenestra to describe a window with glass, such as standard Swedish fönster, or German Fenster. The use of window in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of loanwords during the Viking Age. In English, the word fenester was used as a parallel until the mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to describe the arrangement of windows within a façade, as well as defenestration, meaning 'to throw out of a window'.

History

[edit]
Alabaster "mullion"-divided decorative windows in Santa Maria La Major church (Morella, Spain)
Alabaster window in the Valencia Cathedral. Note the asymmetrical, slanted left side of the wall-frame, which lets sun rays reach the chancel.

The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria c. 100 AD[citation needed]. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, greased paper windows came to be used by pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass making processes were fully perfected.

Technologies

[edit]

In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day.[citation needed] Later,[when?] windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next.[when?] Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of marble (such as fengite), or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill windows.[1] The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology likely first developed in Roman Egypt. Specifically, in Alexandria c. 100 CE, cast-glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little more than blown-glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout. (Compare traditional church windows made of stained glass.) It would be over a millennium before window glass became transparent enough to see through clearly, as we expect now. (However, ancient Roman windows were still very useful, as they presented "an often-overlooked advance in heating technology (allowing solar heat to enter a home or building while preventing the warmed air from escaping)."[5]) In 1154, Al-Idrisi described glass windows as a feature of the palace belonging to the king of the Ghana Empire.[6][7]

Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a mullion. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice[when?] among the European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century, whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century.[8]

Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass-making processes were perfected in the late 19th century.[9] Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although transparent plastic is also used.[1]

[edit]

The introduction of lancet windows into Western European church architecture from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows [10] inserted between columns,[11] and led not only to tracery and elaborate stained-glass windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.

Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture:

Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion, partly at least as a response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured.[12]

The spread of plate-glass technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in Levittown, Pennsylvania,[13] founded 1951–1952[clarification needed]).

Many modern day windows may have a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or fibreglass, to keep bugs out when the window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among the myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of nature are considered to be the most important by people.[14]

Types

[edit]
Parts of a casement cross-window, viewed from the outside

Cross

[edit]

A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that form a Latin cross.[15]

Eyebrow

[edit]

The term eyebrow window is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow dormer; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania.[16]

Fixed

[edit]

A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened,[17] whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents.

Single-hung sash

[edit]

A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.[1]

Double-hung sash

[edit]

A sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance.

Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.

Foldup

[edit]
Foldup window (inward swinging), cross-section side view

A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.

Horizontal sliding sash

[edit]

A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.

Casement

[edit]
Casement window

A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.[2] In the US, these are usually opened using a crank, but in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a casement stay. Handing applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe.

Awning

[edit]
Awning window

An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward like an awning. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.[18]

Hopper

[edit]

A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a hopper chute.[19]

Pivot

[edit]

A pivot window is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.

Tilt and slide

[edit]

A tilt and slide window is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.

Tilt and turn

[edit]

A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.[20]

Transom

[edit]

A transom window is a window above a door. In an exterior door the transom window is often fixed, in an interior door, it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom is known as a fanlight, especially in the British Isles.

Side light

[edit]

Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows.[21]

Jalousie window

[edit]
Jalousie or louvered window

Also known as a louvered window, the jalousie window consists of parallel slats of glass or acrylic that open and close like a Venetian blind, usually using a crank or a lever. They are used extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door with a jalousie window.

Clerestory

[edit]
Clerestory windows in the Notre-Dame (Paris)

A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall, used for daylighting.

Skylight

[edit]
Sidewalk skylight (also named 'pavement light') outside Burlington House, London

A skylight is a window built into a roof structure.[22] This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.

Roof

[edit]
Hexagonal external cladding panels of a roof in Eden Project Biomes (Cornwall, England)

A roof window is a sloped window used for daylighting, built into a roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency evacuation.

Roof lantern

[edit]

A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional clerestory. May also be called a cupola.

Bay

[edit]
Bay windows in Kłodzko, Poland

A bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.[2]

Oriel

[edit]

An oriel window is a form of bay window. This form most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.

Thermal

[edit]

Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it.

Picture

[edit]

A picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without glazing bars, or glazed with only perfunctory glazing bars (muntins) near the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.[23]

Multi-lite

[edit]

A multi-lite window is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead glazing bars, or muntins, arranged in a decorative glazing pattern often dictated by the building's architectural style. Due to the historic unavailability of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or lattice window) was the most common window style until the beginning of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture.

Emergency exit/egress

[edit]

An emergency exit window is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many building codes. Specifications for such windows may also allow for the entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such as buses, aircraft, and trains frequently have emergency exit windows as well.[24]

Stained glass

[edit]
Sunlight shining through stained glass, Nasir-ol-molk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent, translucent or opaque, frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in Victorian houses and some Wrightian houses, and are especially common in churches.[25]

French

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A French door[26] has two columns of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a mullion separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are referred to as a French window.[27] Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses.

A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a mullion separating them) at the Embassy of France in Lisbon, early 20th century

Double-paned

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Double panel windows, also sometimes called dual pane windows, are windows that have two panes of glass inset into the frame of the window. The panes of glass are separated, creating an insulating air pocket that inhibits heat transfer much better than single pane windows.

Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double-glazing and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being introduced in Scandinavia.

Hexagonal window

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Hexagonal window

A hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator (mullion). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.

Guillotine window

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A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom.

Terms

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EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:

Casement window, with latticed lights
  • Light, or Lite, is the area between the outer parts of a window (transom, sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane. Multiple panes are divided by mullions when load-bearing, muntins when not.[28]
  • Lattice light is a compound window pane madeup of small pieces of glass held together in a lattice.
  • Fixed window is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms single-light, double-light, etc., refer to the number of these glass panes in a window.
  • Sash unit is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as a double-light).
  • Replacement window in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.
  • New construction window, in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the glazing, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place. In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.
  • Lintel is a beam over the top of a window, also known as a transom.
  • Window sill is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the building.
  • Secondary glazing is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation without compromising the look of the building
  • Decorative millwork is the moulding, cornices and lintels often decorating the surrounding edges of the window.

Labeling

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The United States NFRC Window Label lists the following terms:

The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).[30]

Construction

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Examples of modern plastic and wooden window profiles with insulated glazing
Modern wooden framed window fitted in the 14th century Lyme Regis watermill, UK
5-chamber plastic window profile

Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.[31] Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes to reduce the transfer of heat.

Grids or muntins

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These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room.

Frame and sash construction

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Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials:

Material Thermal resistance Durability Maintenance Cost Recycled content Comment
Wood very good variable low average high a well-maintained wood window built before 1950 can last 50–100 years[32][33]
uPVC ("vinyl") very good very good[i] very low average very low has a life span of 25–50 years in average[33]
Aluminum very good[ii] good very low low typically > 95% mostly thermally broken by a thermal insulation profile
Composites very good good very low high high used in modern buildings
Steel medium superior very low high > 98% typically welded at corner joints
Fiberglass very good very good[i] very low high medium  
  1. ^ a b PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite materials to improve their structural strength.
  2. ^ Modern aluminium window frames are typically separated by a thermal break made of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to reach Uf= 1.3 W/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining virtually all of the structural strength.

Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.

A typical installation of insulated glazing windows with uPVC window frames

A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998[34] with numbers still growing as of 2012.[35]

Glazing and filling

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Low-emissivity coated panes reduce heat transfer by radiation, which, depending on which surface is coated, helps prevent heat loss (in cold climates) or heat gains (in warm climates).

High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as argon or krypton, which reduces conductive heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity. Performance of such units depends on good window seals and meticulous frame construction to prevent entry of air and loss of efficiency.

Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include one or more low-e coatings to reduce the window's U-factor (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-coat low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-e coatings.

Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the unavailability of large sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating windows into small panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a pattern dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, but occasionally lead glazing bars soldered in place are used for more intricate glazing patterns.

Other construction details

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Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains to keep out light, provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter, but too much can have negative effects such as glare and heat gain. Additionally, while windows let the user see outside, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside.[36] Window coverings are practical accommodations for these issues.

Impact of the sun

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Sun incidence angle

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Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design allows considerable solar light and heat penetration due to the most commonly occurring incidence of sun angles. In passive solar building design, an extended eave is typically used to control the amount of solar light and heat entering the window(s).

An alternative method is to calculate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for summer sun load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This process has been implemented, for example, in the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California—in which most of the fenestration is designed to reflect summer heat load and help prevent summer interior over-illumination and glare, by canting windows to nearly a 45 degree angle.

Solar window

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Photovoltaic windows not only provide a clear view and illuminate rooms, but also convert sunlight to electricity for the building.[37] In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.

Passive solar

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Passive solar windows allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building's primary heating system.

Coverings

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A window covering is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.[38] Low-e window film is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, smart glass can provide an alternative.

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Window". Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "Window". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  3. ^ "New Oxford American Dictionary". 2010.
  4. ^ "Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?". Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  5. ^ Carrier, Richard (2017). The Scientist in the Early Roman Empire. Durham, North Carolina: Pitchstone Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-63431-106-9.
  6. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 564. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
  7. ^ Fage, J. D. (1957). "Ancient Ghana: A Review Of The Evidence". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 3 (2): 3–24. JSTOR 41405704.
  8. ^ Langley, Andrew (2011). Medieval Life. Eyewitness. Dorling Kindersley. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4053-4545-3.
  9. ^ "Float Glass".
  10. ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). "Windows in Church Architecture" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. In general two or three windows united in a group, as was later the rule in Roman architecture, were even then of frequent occurrence in the early Christian architecture of Asia Minor. The form of the window is nearly everywhere the same; a rectangle that usually has a rounded top, but seldom a straight lintel.
  11. ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). "Windows in Church Architecture" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. The place of the window was determined by the architectural membering of the basilica, the distance between two columns generally indicating the position of a window.
  12. ^ Smith, Peter (1985). "21 Rural Building in Wales". In Thirsk, Joan (ed.). The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Vol. 5: 1640-1750 2: Agrarian change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 781. ISBN 9780521257756. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  13. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (May 13, 2008) [2007]. "Ranchers, Picture Windows and Morning Rooms". Last Harvest: From Cornfield to New Town: Real Estate Development from George Washington to the Builders of the Twenty-First Century, and Why We Live in Houses Anyway. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 207. ISBN 9780743235976. Retrieved January 18, 2023. The casual, spread-out ranch house [...] by 1950 accounted for nine out of ten new houses. [...] Its one extravagance was a large window facing the street - the picture window. As far as I have been able to determine, picture windows made their first appearance in Levittown, Pennsylvania.
  14. ^ Kent, Michael; Schiavon, Stefano (2022). "Predicting Window View Preferences Using the Environmental Information Criteria" (PDF). LEUKOS. 19 (2): 190–209. doi:10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753. S2CID 251121476. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  15. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
  16. ^ Harris, Cyril M. (1998). American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. New York: W. W. Norton.
  17. ^ NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath Association) (October 29, 2013). Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-71104-0.
  18. ^ Nielson, Karla J. (September 15, 1989). Window Treatments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN 0-471-28946-9.
  19. ^ Allen, Edward; Thallon, Rob (2011). Fundamentals of Residential Construction (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-470-54083-1.
  20. ^ "Tilt-and-Turn Windows Gain Popularity". June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  21. ^ Curl, James Stevens. "Flanking window". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2nd ed. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, 2006. 285. Print.
  22. ^ Sarviel, Ed (1993). Construction Estimating Reference Data. Craftsman Book Company. ISBN 978-0-934041-84-3.
  23. ^ "Picture window". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  24. ^ "U.S. Dept. of Transportation: Safety information for bus/motorcoach passengers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  25. ^ "Stained glass". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  26. ^ French Door, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
  27. ^ French window, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
  28. ^ Brett, Peter (2004). Carpentry and Joinery (2, illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-7487-8502-5.
  29. ^ Windows and Heat Loss Archived August 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, NFRC Heat Loss Fact Sheet
  30. ^ "CPR guideline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  31. ^ Carmody, J., Selkowitz, S., Lee, E. S., Arasteh, D., & Willmert, T. (2004). Window Systems for High-Performance Buildings. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  32. ^ "Saving Windows, Saving Money: Evaluating the Energy Performance of Window Retrofit and Replacement". Resource Library – National Trust for Historic Preservation. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  33. ^ a b Peterson Wasielewski, Shannon. "Windows: Energy Efficiency Facts and Myths" (PDF). Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  34. ^ Pritchard, Geoffrey (1999). Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics: Technology and Market Developments. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85957-183-5.
  35. ^ "Global Vinyl Windows Market to Reach 163 Million Units by 2017, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc". PRWeb. April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  36. ^ Howell, Sandra C. (1976). Designing for the Elderly; Windows. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture. Design Evaluation Project.
  37. ^ "MIT opens new 'window' on solar energy". Web.mit.edu. July 10, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  38. ^ Beckett, H. E., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). Windows: Performance, design and installation. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
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Various examples of windows

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame[1] in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window.[2] Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed to exclude inclement weather. Windows may have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts.

Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture windows, rose windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows.

Etymology

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The English language-word window originates from the Old Norse vindauga, from vindr 'wind' and auga 'eye'.[3] In Norwegian, Nynorsk, and Icelandic, the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for gluggi, the Icelandic word for 'window'[4]). In Swedish, the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu, the direct link to eye is lost, just as for window. The Danish (but not the Bokmål) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window.

Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl, which literally means 'eye-hole', and eagduru 'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word fenestra to describe a window with glass, such as standard Swedish fönster, or German Fenster. The use of window in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of loanwords during the Viking Age. In English, the word fenester was used as a parallel until the mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to describe the arrangement of windows within a façade, as well as defenestration, meaning 'to throw out of a window'.

History

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Alabaster "mullion"-divided decorative windows in Santa Maria La Major church (Morella, Spain)
Alabaster window in the Valencia Cathedral. Note the asymmetrical, slanted left side of the wall-frame, which lets sun rays reach the chancel.

The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria c. 100 AD[citation needed]. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, greased paper windows came to be used by pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass making processes were fully perfected.

Technologies

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In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day.[citation needed] Later,[when?] windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next.[when?] Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of marble (such as fengite), or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill windows.[1] The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology likely first developed in Roman Egypt. Specifically, in Alexandria c. 100 CE, cast-glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little more than blown-glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout. (Compare traditional church windows made of stained glass.) It would be over a millennium before window glass became transparent enough to see through clearly, as we expect now. (However, ancient Roman windows were still very useful, as they presented "an often-overlooked advance in heating technology (allowing solar heat to enter a home or building while preventing the warmed air from escaping)."[5]) In 1154, Al-Idrisi described glass windows as a feature of the palace belonging to the king of the Ghana Empire.[6][7]

Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a mullion. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice[when?] among the European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century, whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century.[8]

Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass-making processes were perfected in the late 19th century.[9] Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although transparent plastic is also used.[1]

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The introduction of lancet windows into Western European church architecture from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows [10] inserted between columns,[11] and led not only to tracery and elaborate stained-glass windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.

Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture:

Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion, partly at least as a response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured.[12]

The spread of plate-glass technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in Levittown, Pennsylvania,[13] founded 1951–1952[clarification needed]).

Many modern day windows may have a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or fibreglass, to keep bugs out when the window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among the myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of nature are considered to be the most important by people.[14]

Types

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Parts of a casement cross-window, viewed from the outside

Cross

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A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that form a Latin cross.[15]

Eyebrow

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The term eyebrow window is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow dormer; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania.[16]

Fixed

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A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened,[17] whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents.

Single-hung sash

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A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.[1]

Double-hung sash

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A sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance.

Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.

Foldup

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Foldup window (inward swinging), cross-section side view

A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.

Horizontal sliding sash

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A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.

Casement

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Casement window

A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.[2] In the US, these are usually opened using a crank, but in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a casement stay. Handing applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe.

Awning

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Awning window

An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward like an awning. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.[18]

Hopper

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A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a hopper chute.[19]

Pivot

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A pivot window is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.

Tilt and slide

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A tilt and slide window is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.

Tilt and turn

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A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.[20]

Transom

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A transom window is a window above a door. In an exterior door the transom window is often fixed, in an interior door, it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom is known as a fanlight, especially in the British Isles.

Side light

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Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows.[21]

Jalousie window

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Jalousie or louvered window

Also known as a louvered window, the jalousie window consists of parallel slats of glass or acrylic that open and close like a Venetian blind, usually using a crank or a lever. They are used extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door with a jalousie window.

Clerestory

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Clerestory windows in the Notre-Dame (Paris)

A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall, used for daylighting.

Skylight

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Sidewalk skylight (also named 'pavement light') outside Burlington House, London

A skylight is a window built into a roof structure.[22] This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.

Roof

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Hexagonal external cladding panels of a roof in Eden Project Biomes (Cornwall, England)

A roof window is a sloped window used for daylighting, built into a roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency evacuation.

Roof lantern

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A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional clerestory. May also be called a cupola.

Bay

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Bay windows in Kłodzko, Poland

A bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.[2]

Oriel

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An oriel window is a form of bay window. This form most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.

Thermal

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Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it.

Picture

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A picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without glazing bars, or glazed with only perfunctory glazing bars (muntins) near the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.[23]

Multi-lite

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A multi-lite window is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead glazing bars, or muntins, arranged in a decorative glazing pattern often dictated by the building's architectural style. Due to the historic unavailability of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or lattice window) was the most common window style until the beginning of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture.

Emergency exit/egress

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An emergency exit window is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many building codes. Specifications for such windows may also allow for the entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such as buses, aircraft, and trains frequently have emergency exit windows as well.[24]

Stained glass

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Sunlight shining through stained glass, Nasir-ol-molk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent, translucent or opaque, frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in Victorian houses and some Wrightian houses, and are especially common in churches.[25]

French

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A French door[26] has two columns of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a mullion separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are referred to as a French window.[27] Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses.

A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a mullion separating them) at the Embassy of France in Lisbon, early 20th century

Double-paned

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Double panel windows, also sometimes called dual pane windows, are windows that have two panes of glass inset into the frame of the window. The panes of glass are separated, creating an insulating air pocket that inhibits heat transfer much better than single pane windows.

Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double-glazing and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being introduced in Scandinavia.

Hexagonal window

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Hexagonal window

A hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator (mullion). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.

Guillotine window

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A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom.

Terms

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EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:

Casement window, with latticed lights
  • Light, or Lite, is the area between the outer parts of a window (transom, sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane. Multiple panes are divided by mullions when load-bearing, muntins when not.[28]
  • Lattice light is a compound window pane madeup of small pieces of glass held together in a lattice.
  • Fixed window is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms single-light, double-light, etc., refer to the number of these glass panes in a window.
  • Sash unit is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as a double-light).
  • Replacement window in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.
  • New construction window, in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the glazing, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place. In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.
  • Lintel is a beam over the top of a window, also known as a transom.
  • Window sill is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the building.
  • Secondary glazing is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation without compromising the look of the building
  • Decorative millwork is the moulding, cornices and lintels often decorating the surrounding edges of the window.

Labeling

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The United States NFRC Window Label lists the following terms:

The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).[30]

Construction

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Examples of modern plastic and wooden window profiles with insulated glazing
Modern wooden framed window fitted in the 14th century Lyme Regis watermill, UK
5-chamber plastic window profile

Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.[31] Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes to reduce the transfer of heat.

Grids or muntins

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These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room.

Frame and sash construction

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Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials:

Material Thermal resistance Durability Maintenance Cost Recycled content Comment
Wood very good variable low average high a well-maintained wood window built before 1950 can last 50–100 years[32][33]
uPVC ("vinyl") very good very good[i] very low average very low has a life span of 25–50 years in average[33]
Aluminum very good[ii] good very low low typically > 95% mostly thermally broken by a thermal insulation profile
Composites very good good very low high high used in modern buildings
Steel medium superior very low high > 98% typically welded at corner joints
Fiberglass very good very good[i] very low high medium  
  1. ^ a b PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite materials to improve their structural strength.
  2. ^ Modern aluminium window frames are typically separated by a thermal break made of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to reach Uf= 1.3 W/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining virtually all of the structural strength.

Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.

A typical installation of insulated glazing windows with uPVC window frames

A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998[34] with numbers still growing as of 2012.[35]

Glazing and filling

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Low-emissivity coated panes reduce heat transfer by radiation, which, depending on which surface is coated, helps prevent heat loss (in cold climates) or heat gains (in warm climates).

High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as argon or krypton, which reduces conductive heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity. Performance of such units depends on good window seals and meticulous frame construction to prevent entry of air and loss of efficiency.

Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include one or more low-e coatings to reduce the window's U-factor (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-coat low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-e coatings.

Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the unavailability of large sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating windows into small panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a pattern dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, but occasionally lead glazing bars soldered in place are used for more intricate glazing patterns.

Other construction details

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Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains to keep out light, provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter, but too much can have negative effects such as glare and heat gain. Additionally, while windows let the user see outside, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside.[36] Window coverings are practical accommodations for these issues.

Impact of the sun

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Sun incidence angle

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Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design allows considerable solar light and heat penetration due to the most commonly occurring incidence of sun angles. In passive solar building design, an extended eave is typically used to control the amount of solar light and heat entering the window(s).

An alternative method is to calculate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for summer sun load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This process has been implemented, for example, in the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California—in which most of the fenestration is designed to reflect summer heat load and help prevent summer interior over-illumination and glare, by canting windows to nearly a 45 degree angle.

Solar window

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Photovoltaic windows not only provide a clear view and illuminate rooms, but also convert sunlight to electricity for the building.[37] In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.

Passive solar

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Passive solar windows allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building's primary heating system.

Coverings

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A window covering is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.[38] Low-e window film is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, smart glass can provide an alternative.

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Window". Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "Window". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  3. ^ "New Oxford American Dictionary". 2010.
  4. ^ "Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?". Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  5. ^ Carrier, Richard (2017). The Scientist in the Early Roman Empire. Durham, North Carolina: Pitchstone Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-63431-106-9.
  6. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 564. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
  7. ^ Fage, J. D. (1957). "Ancient Ghana: A Review Of The Evidence". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 3 (2): 3–24. JSTOR 41405704.
  8. ^ Langley, Andrew (2011). Medieval Life. Eyewitness. Dorling Kindersley. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4053-4545-3.
  9. ^ "Float Glass".
  10. ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). "Windows in Church Architecture" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. In general two or three windows united in a group, as was later the rule in Roman architecture, were even then of frequent occurrence in the early Christian architecture of Asia Minor. The form of the window is nearly everywhere the same; a rectangle that usually has a rounded top, but seldom a straight lintel.
  11. ^ Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). "Windows in Church Architecture" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. The place of the window was determined by the architectural membering of the basilica, the distance between two columns generally indicating the position of a window.
  12. ^ Smith, Peter (1985). "21 Rural Building in Wales". In Thirsk, Joan (ed.). The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Vol. 5: 1640-1750 2: Agrarian change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 781. ISBN 9780521257756. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  13. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (May 13, 2008) [2007]. "Ranchers, Picture Windows and Morning Rooms". Last Harvest: From Cornfield to New Town: Real Estate Development from George Washington to the Builders of the Twenty-First Century, and Why We Live in Houses Anyway. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 207. ISBN 9780743235976. Retrieved January 18, 2023. The casual, spread-out ranch house [...] by 1950 accounted for nine out of ten new houses. [...] Its one extravagance was a large window facing the street - the picture window. As far as I have been able to determine, picture windows made their first appearance in Levittown, Pennsylvania.
  14. ^ Kent, Michael; Schiavon, Stefano (2022). "Predicting Window View Preferences Using the Environmental Information Criteria" (PDF). LEUKOS. 19 (2): 190–209. doi:10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753. S2CID 251121476. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  15. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
  16. ^ Harris, Cyril M. (1998). American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. New York: W. W. Norton.
  17. ^ NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath Association) (October 29, 2013). Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-71104-0.
  18. ^ Nielson, Karla J. (September 15, 1989). Window Treatments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN 0-471-28946-9.
  19. ^ Allen, Edward; Thallon, Rob (2011). Fundamentals of Residential Construction (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-470-54083-1.
  20. ^ "Tilt-and-Turn Windows Gain Popularity". June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  21. ^ Curl, James Stevens. "Flanking window". A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2nd ed. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, 2006. 285. Print.
  22. ^ Sarviel, Ed (1993). Construction Estimating Reference Data. Craftsman Book Company. ISBN 978-0-934041-84-3.
  23. ^ "Picture window". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  24. ^ "U.S. Dept. of Transportation: Safety information for bus/motorcoach passengers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  25. ^ "Stained glass". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  26. ^ French Door, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
  27. ^ French window, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, access date July 4, 2017
  28. ^ Brett, Peter (2004). Carpentry and Joinery (2, illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-7487-8502-5.
  29. ^ Windows and Heat Loss Archived August 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, NFRC Heat Loss Fact Sheet
  30. ^ "CPR guideline" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  31. ^ Carmody, J., Selkowitz, S., Lee, E. S., Arasteh, D., & Willmert, T. (2004). Window Systems for High-Performance Buildings. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  32. ^ "Saving Windows, Saving Money: Evaluating the Energy Performance of Window Retrofit and Replacement". Resource Library – National Trust for Historic Preservation. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  33. ^ a b Peterson Wasielewski, Shannon. "Windows: Energy Efficiency Facts and Myths" (PDF). Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  34. ^ Pritchard, Geoffrey (1999). Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics: Technology and Market Developments. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85957-183-5.
  35. ^ "Global Vinyl Windows Market to Reach 163 Million Units by 2017, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc". PRWeb. April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  36. ^ Howell, Sandra C. (1976). Designing for the Elderly; Windows. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture. Design Evaluation Project.
  37. ^ "MIT opens new 'window' on solar energy". Web.mit.edu. July 10, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  38. ^ Beckett, H. E., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). Windows: Performance, design and installation. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
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Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, McCann can help you navigate the process of obtaining local permits and homeowners' association approvals for your window installation project in Northbrook, IL. They'll ensure everything's in order for a smooth and compliant installation.

To ensure your home's safety and security during lengthy projects, they use strict safety protocols and secure the work area each day. You'll have peace of mind knowing your space is protected throughout the installation.

Yes, you can ask McCann Window & Exteriors for specific energy efficiency ratings or comparisons for the windows they install. They'll provide the details you need to understand how your choices affect your home's energy efficiency.