What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Expert Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Expert Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

value

Understanding Licensing, Insurance, and Bonding Requirements


When youre on the hunt for the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, it's crucial to dive into the specifics of licensing, insurance, and bonding requirements.

value

  1. railing
  2. LenoirCity
  3. grading
  4. timeline
  5. poolside
These are not just bureaucratic checkboxes but are foundational to ensuring that your deck is built to last and can provide peace of mind (not to mention legal compliance!).


Firstly, licensing. A licensed contractor has been vetted by local or state authorities (and sometimes both), ensuring they meet certain standards of knowledge and professionalism. In Knoxville, a builder must hold a valid Tennessee contractors license for projects over a certain threshold, typically $25,000. This is critical because it not only confirms their legitimacy but also ensures they adhere to building codes which are essential for your deck's durability and safety.


Moving on to insurance, this is where things get really important. Liability insurance protects you from being held financially responsible if an accident occurs on your property during the construction. Meanwhile, workers compensation insurance is equally vital. It covers the builders employees in case they suffer injuries while building your deck. Without these types of insurance, you could end up facing unexpected (and unwelcome) expenses!


Lastly, bonding. This is often the most overlooked aspect, yet it's incredibly significant. A bonded contractor has secured a financial guarantee from a bonding company which acts as a safety net for you, the homeowner. If the contractor fails to complete the job or fails to meet certain obligations, the bond can provide compensation. It's an extra layer of protection that many homeowners appreciate!


Always ask to see proof of licensing, insurance, and bonding before hiring a deck builder.

nails

  • timber
  • quality
  • KnoxCounty
  • lighting
  • builder
It's a straightforward step that can prevent numerous complications down the road. Remember, the secret to hiring the best deck builder lies in the details! Do your homework, and you'll be enjoying your beautiful, sturdy outdoor space for many years to come!

Evaluating the Builders Design Capabilities and Materials Used


When youre on the hunt for the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, its crucial to dive deep into evaluating the builders design capabilities and the materials they use. After all, your deck isnt just an addition to your home-its a long-term investment and a pivotal part of your outdoor living space!


Firstly, understanding a builder's design capabilities is key (and often overlooked). A skilled deck builder should be able to showcase a portfolio of varied designs, adapting to different styles and needs. Whether its a multi-level deck, one with built-in seating, or even integrated lighting, the builder should demonstrate flexibility and creativity. If their portfolio is limited or seems to repeat the same design, it might raise a question about their capability to tailor a project specific to your vision.


Next, the materials used are just as important as the design itself. The climate in Knoxville can be quite unpredictable, so the materials chosen need to withstand a range of weather conditions-from humid summers to chilly winters. A reputable deck builder should offer options like pressure-treated lumber, hardwoods, or even composite materials, each with their own pros and cons. They should also be knowledgeable about the longevity, maintenance, and cost of these materials. It's essential to ask for this information upfront to avoid any surprises down the line.


Moreover, a conversation about materials isn't just about durability, it's also about aesthetics and environmental impact. For instance, composite decking is not only durable and low maintenance but also often made from recycled materials, making it an eco-friendly option. Ask your builder about the origin of the materials and their environmental impact. This could be a crucial decision-making factor if sustainability is important to you.


In conclusion, when choosing the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, don't just take their word for it. Evaluate their design capabilities by looking at previous projects (and checking if they align with what you envision for your space). Also, discuss the materials they plan to use thoroughly. This ensures not just a beautiful deck, but one that is built to last and aligns with your personal values and aesthetic preferences. Remember, the right builder will not hesitate to dive into these details with you!

Checking for Warranties and After-Service Support


When it comes to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, one crucial aspect that often gets overlooked is checking for warranties and after-service support.

landscape

  1. weatherproof
  2. property
  3. reviews
  4. painting
  5. extension
This step is not only essential for ensuring the longevity and durability of your newly built outdoor space, but it also provides peace of mind knowing that you have support should anything not go as planned.




value

  1. value
  2. functionality
  3. landscape
  4. nails
  5. style
  6. construction

Firstly, when you begin your search for a deck builder, dont hesitate to ask about the types of warranties they offer. A reputable builder should provide a warranty that covers both materials and workmanship. This is important because materials can sometimes be defective, and workmanship errors can occur (no matter how skilled the builder is). A solid warranty can protect you from unexpected costs that might arise from such issues.


Furthermore, its critical to inquire about the builder's after-service support. After-service support includes everything from answering questions you might have after the project is completed to providing services for repairs or maintenance that might be needed in the future. A good deck builder will not disappear once the construction is over; instead, they will be available to assist you with any concerns or additional requirements you might have.


Also, make sure to ask for past client references or check online reviews to see how responsive and helpful the builder has been post-project. This can give you a good indication of what to expect should you need to utilize their after-service support. Remember, a builder's job isn't just about constructing your deck; it's also about ensuring it remains in great condition through excellent after-service support!


In conclusion, when you're looking to hire the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, don't just focus on the immediate costs and designs. Make sure to dig a bit deeper into what kind of warranties and after-service support are offered. This approach will not only ensure that your deck is built with high standards but also guarantee help is available whenever you need it! After all, having a beautiful outdoor space is fantastic, but knowing it's well-supported makes it even better!

Comparing Quotes and Understanding Payment Structures


When looking to hire the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, comparing quotes and understanding payment structures are crucial steps that shouldnt be overlooked. Its easy to get caught up in the excitement of planning a new deck, but taking the time to thoroughly evaluate your options can ensure that you get a quality build without overstretching your budget.


Firstly, when comparing quotes, it's important to not just look at the bottom line but to understand what is included in each quote. Some builders might offer a lower initial quote but then tack on additional costs as the project progresses. Others might include everything upfront, which could explain a higher quote. Its always a good idea to ask each builder to provide a detailed breakdown of costs. This includes materials, labor, and any other expenses. Make sure everything is accounted for so you aren't surprised later on!


Understanding the payment structures is another key component. Different builders might have different payment terms. Some may require a large deposit upfront, while others could spread the cost over the duration of the project with installments. What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Professional Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today! . Its crucial to choose a payment plan that fits your financial situation. Don't be afraid to negotiate terms that make you comfortable. Remember, a reputable builder will be transparent about their payment structures and willing to discuss options that accommodate your needs.


Additionally, keep an eye out for warning signs like builders who insist on full payment before the project starts or those who are not open to discussing their payment terms. These could be red flags indicating a less reliable contractor.


Lastly, always check the builder's references and past work! A reputable deck builder in Knoxville should be able to provide testimonials or even show you previous projects. This can give you a sense of their craftsmanship and commitment to quality.


In conclusion, finding the right deck builder in Knoxville, TN, involves more than just comparing prices. It's about understanding what you're paying for and how you'll be paying. Make sure to dive deep into the details (and ask plenty of questions!) to ensure that your dream deck is built by a trustworthy professional. After all, a well-built deck not only enhances the beauty and functionality of your home but also stands the test of time! So, don't rush this decision – your perfect outdoor space awaits!

Deck Builder Knoxville TN

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Citations and other links

Wooden house with wooden furniture, spinning wheel, loom and various tools
Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures.

Woodworking is the skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinetry, furniture making, wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

History

[edit]

Along with stone, clay, and animal parts, wood was one of the first materials worked by early humans. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many were used to work wood. The development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in working these materials.

Among the earliest finds of woodworking are shaped sticks displaying notches from Kalambo Falls in southern Africa, dating to around 476,000 years ago.[1] The Clacton spearhead from Clacton-on-Sea, England, dating to around 400,000 years ago,[2] the Schöningen spears, from Schöningen (Germany) dating around 300,000 years ago[3] and the Lehringen spear from northern Germany, dating to around 120,000 years ago,[4] provide some of the first examples of wooden hunting implements. Wooden tools likely used for domestic activities including probable awls have also been found at Schöningen.[5]

Flint tools were used for carving. Since Neolithic times, carved wooden vessels are known, for example, from the Linear Pottery culture wells at Kückhofen and Eythra.

Examples of Bronze Age woodcarving include tree trunks worked into coffins from northern Germany and Denmark and wooden folding-chairs. The site of Fellbach-Schmieden in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the Iron Age. Wooden idols from the La Tène period known from a sanctuary at the source of the Seine in France.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]
Ancient Egyptian woodworking

There is significant evidence of advanced woodworking in ancient Egypt.[6] Woodworking is depicted in many extant ancient Egyptian drawings, and a considerable amount of ancient Egyptian furniture (such as stools, chairs, tables, beds, chests) have been preserved. Tombs contain a large collection of these artifacts, and the inner coffins found within them were also made of wood. The metal used by the Egyptians for woodworking tools was originally copper and eventually, after 2000 BC, bronze, as iron working was unknown until much later.[7]

Commonly used woodworking tools included axes, adzes, chisels, pull saws, and bow drills. Mortise and tenon joints are attested from the earliest Predynastic period. These joints were strengthened using pegs, dowels and leather or cord lashings. Animal glue came to be used only in the New Kingdom period.[8] Ancient Egyptians invented the art of veneering and used varnishes for finishing. However, the composition of these varnishes is unknown. Although different native acacias were used, as was the wood from the local sycamore and tamarisk trees, deforestation in the Nile valley resulted in the need for the importation of wood, notably cedar, but also Aleppo pine, boxwood and oak, starting from the Second Dynasty.[9]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Woodworking was essential to the Romans. It provided material for buildings, transportation, tools, and household items. Wood also provided pipes, dyes, waterproofing materials, and heat.[10]: 1 Although most examples of Roman woodworking have been lost,[10]: 2  the literary record preserved much of the contemporary knowledge. Vitruvius dedicates an entire chapter of his De architectura to timber, preserving many details.[11] Pliny, while not a botanist, dedicated six books of his Natural History to trees and woody plants, providing a wealth of information on trees and their uses.[12]

Ancient China

[edit]

The progenitors of Chinese woodworking are considered to be Lu Ban (魯班 pinyin: Lǔbān) and his wife Lady Yun, from the Spring and Autumn period (771 to 476 BC). Lu Ban is said to have introduced the plane, the chalk line, and other tools to China. His teachings were supposedly left behind in the book Lu Ban Jing (魯班經, "Manuscript of Lu Ban")(魯班經 pinyin: Lǔbān jīng). Despite this, it is believed that the text was written some 1500 years after his death. This book is largely filled with descriptions of dimensions for building various items, such as flower pots, tables, altars, etc., and also contains extensive instructions on Feng Shui. It mentions almost nothing of the intricate glue-less and nail-less joinery for which Chinese furniture was so famous.

Modern day

[edit]
CNC machine that operates on wood
Woodworking apron

With advances in technology and industry demands, the field of woodwork has changed. The development of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, for example, has made it possible to mass-produce and reproduce products faster, with less waste, and often with more complex designs than ever before. CNC wood routers can carve complicated and highly detailed shapes into flat stock to create signs or art. Rechargeable power tools speed up the creation of many projects and require much less physical strength than in the past, for example, when boring multiple holes.

Skilled fine woodworking, however, remains a craft pursued by many. There remains demand for handcrafted work such as furniture and art; however, due to production rates and costs, consumer prices are much higher.

Modern wood carving usually refers to works of wood art produced by woodcarvers as contemporary art. This type of woodcarving often combines traditional techniques with more modern artistic styles and concepts. Modern woodcarving can be produced in a variety of forms and styles, from realistic to abstract, and often uses unusual woods, such as rain tree or woods with unique textures, to highlight the work's uniqueness.

In recent years, the art of modern woodcarving has become increasingly popular among woodworkers and visual art enthusiasts not only in Asia but also worldwide. Modern woodcarving art is often exhibited in art galleries and museums, and can be seen in several global contemporary art exhibitions.

Styles and designs

[edit]

Woodworking, especially furniture making, has many different designs/styles. Throughout its history, woodworking designs and styles have changed. Some of the more common styles are listed below. Traditional furniture styles usually include pieces that have been around for a long time and have long been associated with wealth and luxury. More modern furniture styles have been commonly used over the past few hundred years.[13]

Common woodworking/furniture styles
Traditional & timeless styles Modern furniture styles
Jacobean Antique
Dutch American colonial
Victorian Traditional
Art Deco Vintage
Sheraton Rustic
  Retro
  Modern
  Minimalism
  Contemporary

Materials

[edit]

See also Wood: Properties and Tonewood: Properties.

Historically, woodworkers relied on the woods native to their region until innovations in transportation and trade made more exotic woods available to the craftsman. Woods are typically sorted into three basic types: hardwoods typified by tight grain and derived from broadleaf trees, softwoods from coniferous trees, and manufactured materials such as plywood and MDF.

Hardwoods, botanically classified as angiosperms, are deciduous and shed their leaves annually in response to temperature changes.[14] Softwoods come from trees botanically known as gymnosperms, which are coniferous, cone-bearing, and stay green year round.[14] Although a general pattern, softwoods are not necessarily always "softer" than hardwoods, and vice versa.[15]

Softwood is most commonly found in regions with lower temperatures and is typically less durable, lighter in weight, and more vulnerable to pests and fungal attacks than hardwoods. They typically have a paler color and a more open grain than hardwoods, which contributes to the tendency of felled softwood to shrink and swell as it dries.[15] Softwoods usually have a lower density, around 432–592 kg/m3, which can compromise its strength.[15] Density, however, does vary within both softwoods and hardwoods depending on the wood's geographical origin and growth rate. However, the lower density of softwoods also allows them to have greater strength relative to their weight. In the United States, softwoods are typically cheaper and more readily available.[15] Most softwoods are suitable for general construction, especially framing, trim, and finish work, and carcassing.[16][15]

Hardwoods are separated into two categories, temperate and tropical hardwoods, depending on their origin. Temperate hardwoods are found in the regions between the tropics and the poles and are of particular interest to woodworkers for their cost-effective aesthetic appeal and their sustainable sourcing.[15] Tropical hardwoods are found within the equatorial belt, including Africa, Asia, and South America. Hardwoods flaunt a higher density, around 1041 kg/m3 as a result of slower growing rates, and are more stable when drying.[15] As a result of their high density, hardwoods are typically heavier than softwoods but can also be more brittle.[15] While there are an abundant number of hardwood species, only 200 are common enough and pliable enough to be used for woodworking.[17] Hardwoods have a wide variety of properties, making it easy to find a hardwood to suit nearly any purpose, but they are especially suitable for outdoor use due to their strength and resilience to rot and decay.[15] The coloring of hardwoods ranges from light to very dark, making it especially versatile for aesthetic purposes. However, because hardwoods are more closely grained, they are typically harder to work than softwoods. They are also harder to acquire in the United States and, as a result, are more expensive.[15]

Woodworking hand tools used in class at the Women's Woodshop in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Typically, furniture such as tables and chairs is made from solid hardwood stock due to its strength and resistance to warping.[16] Additionally, they also have a greater variety of grain patterns and color, and take a finish better, which allows the woodworker to exercise a great deal of artistic liberty. Hardwoods can be cut more cleanly and leave less residue on sawblades and other woodworking tools.[16] Cabinet/fixture makers employ the use of plywood and other manufactured panel products. Some furniture, such as the Windsor chair, involves green woodworking, shaping with wood while it contains its natural moisture before drying.

Common softwoods used for furniture

[edit]
Warehouse of timber at a cardboard factory. Buryatia, Russia

Cedar

[edit]

Cedars are strong, aromatic softwoods that are capable of enduring outdoor elements, the most common of which is the western red cedar. Western red cedar can withstand wet conditions without rotting and, as a result, is commonly used for outdoor projects such as patios, outdoor furniture, and building exteriors. This wood can be easily found at most home centers in the US and Canada for a moderate price.[18]

Fir

[edit]

In the USA, fir, also known as Douglas fir, is inexpensive and readily available at local home centers. It has a characteristic straight, pronounced grain with a red-brown tint. However, its grain pattern is relatively plain, and it does not stain well, so fir is commonly used for finished products that will be painted. While commonly used for building, this softwood would also be suitable for furniture-making.[18]

Pine

[edit]

White pine, ponderosa, and southern yellow pine are common species used in furniture-making. White pine and ponderosa are typically used for indoor projects, while Southern yellow pine is recommended for outdoor projects due to its durability.[19]

Common hardwoods used for furniture

[edit]

Ash

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Ash is relatively easy to work with and takes stain well. However, ash is much more difficult to find than other common woods, and will not be found at the local home center. Larger lumber yards should have it in stock.[18]

Beech

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Hardwood of the European species Fagus sylvatica is widely used for furniture framing and carcase construction, in plywood, musical instruments (drum shells and piano blocks), and turned items like knobs.[20]

Birch

[edit]

Whether yellow or white birch, these hardwoods are stable and easy to work with. Despite this, birch is prone to blotching when stained, so painting birch products is probably best. Birch is easily found at many home centers and is a relatively inexpensive hardwood.[18]

Cherry

[edit]

Easy to work with, cherry wood is in high demand for its reddish-brown color and ease of staining and finishing. Cherry likely will not be at the local home center, but should be bought at a lumberyard for a higher price.[18] This hardwood is a very common material for furniture, and is resistant to normal wear-and-tear.[21]

Mahogany

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A hardwood, mahogany has a trademark reddish-brown to deep-red tint and is known as "one of the great furniture woods". However, mahogany is not typically grown in sustainably managed forests, and thus commands a steep price at local lumber yards.[18]

Oak

[edit]

With two varieties, red and white, oak is known to be easy to work with and relatively strong. However, furniture makers often opt for white oak over red oak for its attractive figure and moisture-resistance.[18] Depending on the kind needed, oak can probably be found at a local home center or a lumberyard for a bit pricier than other hardwoods.[22][18][21]

Maple

[edit]

With strength, sturdiness, and durability, maple is a common material for bedroom furniture and even china cabinets. Maple is moisture-resistant and frequently displays stand-out swirls in the wood grain, an aesthetically pleasing differentiator from other hardwoods. While most commonly a lighter color, maple can also take stains and paint well.[21]

Factors in choosing materials

[edit]

There are many factors to consider when deciding what type of wood to use for a project. One of the most important aspects is the workability of the wood: how it responds when worked by hand or with tools, the quality of the grain, and its response to adhesives and finishes.[15] When the workability of wood is high, it offers a lower resistance when cutting and has a diminished blunting effect on tools.[15] Highly workable wood is easier to manipulate into desired forms. If the wood grain is straight and even, it will be much easier to create strong and durable glued joints. Additionally, it will help protect the wood from splitting when nailed or screwed.[15] Coarse grains require a lengthy process of filing and rubbing down the grain to produce a smooth result.[15]

Another important factor is the wood's durability, especially with respect to moisture. If the finished project will be exposed to moisture (e.g., outdoor projects) or to high humidity or condensation (e.g., in kitchens or bathrooms), the wood needs to be especially durable to prevent rot. Because of their oily properties, many tropical hardwoods, such as teak and mahogany, are popular for these applications.[15]

Woods with good working properties

[edit]

Very durable woods

[edit]

Woods used for carving

[edit]

While many woods can be used for carving, there are some clear favorites, including aspen, basswood, butternut, black walnut, and oak.[23] Because it has almost no grain and is notably soft, Basswood is particularly popular with beginner carvers. It is used in many lower-cost instruments, such as guitars and electric basses.[23] Aspen is similarly soft, although slightly harder, and readily available and inexpensive.[23] Butternut has a deeper hue than basswood and aspen and has a nice grain that is easy to carve, and thus friendly for beginners. It is also suitable for furniture.[23] While more expensive than basswood, aspen, and butternut, black walnut is a popular choice for its rich color and grain.[23] Lastly, oak is a strong, sturdy, and versatile wood for carving with a defined grain. It is also a popular wood for furniture making.[23]

Tools

[edit]

Each area of woodworking requires a different set of tools. Power tools and hand tools are both used for woodworking. Many modern woodworkers choose to use power tools in their trade for added ease and time savings. However, many woodworkers still choose to use only hand tools for reasons such as tradition, experience, and the added character of the work. In contrast, others do so simply for their own enjoyment.

Hand tools

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Hand tools are classified as tools that receive power only from the hands that are holding them. Edged hand woodworking tools need to be sharpened, which is done using the sharpening jig and sharpening stone. A more novel method involves using sandpaper.[24] The more common modern hand tools are:

Hand tools
Clamps
Woodworking clamps
 
Woodworking clamps. The top left two are f-style clamps. On the right is a quick-grip Irwin clamp. In the bottom middle is a spring clamp.
Clamps are used to hold a workpiece while being worked. Clamps vary in all shapes and sizes, from small C-clamps to very large bar or strap clamps.[25] A vise is a form of clamp, temporarily or permanently mounted as required. A woodworking vise is a vise specialized to the needs of a woodworker; numerous types have evolved.
Chisels
Wood chisels
 
Five woodworking wood chisels
Chisels are tools with a long blade, a cutting edge, and a handle. Used for cutting and shaping wood or other materials.[25]
Claw hammer
Claw-hammer
 
A common hammer, the claw hammer, used in woodworking and other activities
The claw hammer, which can hammer, pry, and pull nails, is the most common hammer used in woodworking.[25]
Hand plane
Hand planes
 
Two woodworking hand planes
A hand plane is used to surface aspects of a workpiece.
Square
try square
 
A try square. A common style of square in woodworking is usually used for 90-degree angles
The square is used to mark angles on any workpiece. An adjustable square also includes a ruler. A speed square can mark 90 and 45-degree fixed angles and any angle between 0 and 90 degrees using its long axis.[25]
Tape measure
Tape measure
 
Tape measure
A tape measure is a retractable or flexible ruler that has measurement increments as small as 1/32" or 1 millimeter.
Handsaw
Handsaws
 
Three old handsaws
A handsaw, according to Cambridge University, "a saw that is operated by hand rather than using electricity or a motor."[26]
Files & Rasps
Hand files and rasps
 
Top two are files. The bottom (orange-handled) tool is a rasp.
Both files and rasps are used to grind down wood material, either to make the surface flat, rounded, concave, or many other shapes. Rasps make deeper cuts, while files make smaller, less harsh cuts in wood. The difference between the two is mainly their tooth size.[27]


 

Power tools

[edit]

Power tools are tools powered by an external energy source, such as a battery, motor, or a power cable connected to a wall outlet. The more common power tools are:[25]

Power tools
Drill
Power drill
 
Cordless electric power drill.
The drill is a tool used to drill a hole or to insert a screw into a workpiece.[25]
Palm sander
Palm sanders
 
Two palm sanders. The left sander is an orbital palm sander. The sander on the right is a mouse sander. Which uses vibration instead of orbital motions.
A palm sander is a small powered sander that uses either a vibration or orbital motion to move a piece of sandpaper upon the workpiece, making very fine modifications in smoothing your product.[25]
Compound miter saw
Electric compound miter saw
 
Electric compound miter saw.
A compound miter saw, also known as a chop saw, is a stationary saw used for making precise cuts across the grain path of a board. These cuts can be made at any angle the particular saw is capable of.[25]
Table saw
Tablesaw
 
Electric plug-in tablesaw for woodworking.
A table saw is intended to make long, precise cuts along the grain pattern of the board, known as rip cuts. Most table saws offer the option of a beveled rip cut.[25]
Thickness planer   A thickness planer is used to smooth the surface of a board and make it the exact thickness across the entire board.[25]
Jointer
Powermatic jointer
 
Powermatic jointer for woodworking.
A jointer is used to produce a flat surface along a board's length and to create a square (or 90°) edge between two adjoining surfaces.[25]
Band saw
Band saw
 
Plug-in band saw.
A band saw[25] is used to make both irregularly shaped cuts and cuts through material thicker than a table saw can manage. It is much more robust[28] than the jigsaw or more delicate scroll saw, also regularly used in woodworking.
Drill press
Drill press
 
Older drill press. Floor-mounted drill press.
A drill press is an important tool used in woodworking. It is similar to a hand drill but is a table- or floor-mounted machine that uses a shaft with a spring-loaded handle to lower the drill bit into the wood or other material. Many woodworkers use a hand drill, but a drill press is even more accurate and powerful.[29]
Drum sander   A drum sander is a machine that uses a wide rotating sandpaper drum to sand down a piece of wood as it rolls through the tool. Similar to a planer in how it operates, but instead of blades, a drum sander uses sandpaper.[30]

Notable woodworkers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Barham, L.; Duller, G. A. T.; Candy, I.; Scott, C.; Cartwright, C. R.; Peterson, J. R.; Kabukcu, C.; Chapot, M. S.; Melia, F.; Rots, V.; George, N.; Taipale, N.; Gethin, P.; Nkombwe, P. (2023-10-05). "Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years ago". Nature. 622 (7981): 107–111. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..107B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10550827. PMID 37730994.
  2. ^ Allington-Jones, L., (2015) Archaeological Journal, 172 (2) 273–296 The Clacton Spear – The Last One Hundred Years
  3. ^ Hutson, Jarod M.; Villaluenga, Aritza; García-Moreno, Alejandro; Turner, Elaine; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (November 2024). "Persistent predators: Zooarchaeological evidence for specialized horse hunting at Schöningen 13II-4". Journal of Human Evolution. 196 103590. Bibcode:2024JHumE.19603590H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590. hdl:10810/75986. PMID 39357283.
  4. ^ Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; MacDonald, Katharine; Roebroeks, Wil (2023). "Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior". Science Advances. 9 (5) eadd8186. Bibcode:2023SciA....9D8186G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add8186. PMC 9891704. PMID 36724231.
  5. ^ Leder, Dirk; Lehmann, Jens; Milks, Annemieke; Koddenberg, Tim; Sietz, Michael; Vogel, Matthias; Böhner, Utz; Terberger, Thomas (2024-04-09). "The wooden artifacts from Schöningen's Spear Horizon and their place in human evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (15) e2320484121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12120484L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2320484121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 11009636. PMID 38557183.
  6. ^ Killen, Geoffrey (1994). Egyptian Woodworking and Furniture. Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0239-4.
  7. ^ Leospo, Enrichetta (2001), "Woodworking in Ancient Egypt", The Art of Woodworking, Turin: Museo Egizio, p. 20
  8. ^ Leospo, pp. 20–21
  9. ^ Leospo, pp. 17–19
  10. ^ a b Ulrich, Roger B. (2008). Roman Woodworking. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13460-5. OCLC 192003268.
  11. ^ Vitruvius. De architectura. 1:2.9.1.
  12. ^ Pliny (1938). Natural History.
  13. ^ "A Complete Guide To All The Types Of Furniture Styles". Bassett Furniture. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  14. ^ a b "differences American hardwoods and tropical hardwoods | Hardwood Distributors". www.hardwooddistributors.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stephen., Corbett (2012). The practical woodworker: a comprehensive step-by-step course in working with wood. Freeman, John. Wigston: Southwater. ISBN 978-1-78019-220-8. OCLC 801605649.
  16. ^ a b c Korn, Peter (2003). Woodworking basics: mastering the essentials of craftsmanship. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-620-X. OCLC 51810586.
  17. ^ "Lumber Buying Guide". www.lowes.com. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Types of Wood for Woodworking – dummies". dummies. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  19. ^ "Working with pine, tips and tricks for success". Wood magazine. Meredith Corporation. March 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  20. ^ "The Wood Database". 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  21. ^ a b c "The Best Woods for DIY Furniture". 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  22. ^ "Woodworking Basics". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Top Hardwoods for Carving | Hardwood Distributors". www.hardwooddistributors.org. 2015-05-19. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  24. ^ Kolle, Jefferson (January 2000). "Getting an Edge with Waterstones, Oilstones, and Sandpaper". Fine Woodworking. No. 140. Taunton Press. pp. 56–61. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "top 40 woodworking tools". 2013-04-13.
  26. ^ "handsaw". Cambridge Dictionary.
  27. ^ Kelsey, John (2004-10-28). "Files & Rasps". This Old House. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  28. ^ "Difference Between Band Saw Vs Scroll Saw". Woodworking Arena. 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  29. ^ "A Drill Press Will Make You a Better Woodworker". FineWoodworking. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  30. ^ "Planer vs Drum Sander - Which Should You Choose? - Rockler". Rockler Woodworking and Hardware. Retrieved 2023-05-02.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

 

Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures. Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, or bringing something back to life and can apply in social contexts. For example, a community can be renovated if it is strengthened and revived. It can also be restoring something to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding). Renovation is a widespread practice in many regions, often driven by safety upgrades, energy efficiency improvements, and aesthetic preferences. For example, there are more than twenty thousand home improvement projects every year in Hong Kong, affecting more than a million residents[1] (population of HK is around 7.5 million in 2023).[2]

Truman's renovation of the White House, 17 May 1950

Phases and process of renovations

[edit]
The interior of a Victorian building in Lincoln Park, Chicago in the process of being renovated in June 1971. Note the elements of the edifice scattered and sorted about.

The building renovation process can usually, depending on the extents of the renovation, be broken down into several phases. The phases are as follow.[3]

  • Project initiation - The beginning of the project that includes the hiring of construction and design teams, defining the scope of the work, creating a budget, and communicating the needs, expectations, and wants from both the client and building team[4][5]
  • Existing conditions analysis - This includes measuring, drawing, and analyzing the structure to be renovated, and identifying any major issues with the project that could effect work to be done[5]
  • Initial design - Beginning the design work by testing out concept ideas, designing multiple iterations of outcomes, communicating with the client, and receiving client feedback on the design to make changes[4]
  • Finalizing design - Finalizing the design work by making sure the design is what the client wants, making sure the design works with existing conditions, creating a more detailed design (including specs and engineering), also could include the beginning of construction or demolition work while the design is being finalized[4]
  • Construction and demolition - Starting the physical work by completing demolition needed, structural repairs needed, building new designed conditions, applying finishes, and trouble shooting any problems or unknown conditions that are brought to light during construction[4]
  • Project finalization - The end of the project which includes turnover to the client, punch listing, walking through with the client, and verifying that project scope and expectations were met[4]

Projects involving renovation require not just flexibility, but a plan that had been agreed upon by multiple parties. The planning process will involve feedback from financial investors of the project, and from the designer. Part of planning will also entail the collection of data for the completion of the project and then the project plan will be revised and given consent before continuing with renovations.[6]

Technology has had a meaningful effect on the renovation process, increasing the significance and strength of the planning stage. The availability of free online design tools has improved visualization of the changes, at a fraction of the cost of hiring a professional designer. The decision regarding changes is also influenced by the purpose of basement renovation [1]. Depending on the significance of these changes a professional may be required, especially if any changes other than cosmetic work (paint or finishes) is required. Many local codes require a professional to complete work in the built environment such as structural changes, new walls, new plumbing, or many others. Doing these changes without hiring a professional can result in health effects, safety concerns, damages, fines, and increased cost due to having to hire a professional after self-work.[7] Most builders focus on building new homes, so renovating is typically a part-time activity for such tradespeople. The processes and services required for renovations are quite specific and, once plans are signed off, building a new home is relatively predictable. However, during renovation projects, flexibility is often required from renovation companies to respond to unexpected issues that arise. Renovations usually require all of the sub-trades that are needed for the construction of a new building.

In case of a so-called "fix-and-flip" (repair and resell) objective, an ROI (return on investment) can result from changes to fix a structural issue, to fix design flow yield,[8] or to use light and color to make rooms appear more spacious. Because interior renovation could change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc often times an interior designer is required as well.[9]

Reasons to renovate

[edit]

Homes

[edit]
Many cities and towns have been renovated because of the devastations, such as Rovaniemi in Lapland, Finland.[10] Video about the post-war era reconstruction of Rovaniemi in 1949.

Many people renovate homes to create a new appearance. Builders may renovate homes to enhance the home's value as a stable source of income.[11] Homeowners often renovate their homes to increase the re-sale value and to turn a profit when selling. Homeowners may also want to add renovations that make their home more energy efficient, green or sustainable.[12] Also, over time, a homeowner's personal preferences and needs may change, and the home will be renovated for improved aesthetics, comfort, or functionality.

Other properties

[edit]

Other types of renovations also can be initiated for similar reasons. The user or owner of a building can change which can effect the needs or wants for the space prompting a renovation. This is becoming more popular as buildings owners are renting or leasing floors or sections of the buildings to companies which have different spacial requirements than the previous users causing needed renovation. Renovations can also occur as companies increase size which could lead to needed additional retail, office, or other types of spaces. Similarly to homes other building owners could also want renovations to increased value, make the building more energy efficient, green or sustainable, or to update the building.[13] Sometimes shopping centres or shops are renovated to raise rent later.

Materials

[edit]

Wood

[edit]

Wood is considered a versatile and adaptable construction material, often preferred in renovations due to its ease of modification and availability. Few homeowners or professional remodelers possess the skill and equipment that is required to alter steel-frame or concrete structures.

When looking at embodied carbon in building materials wood is often labeled as the most sustainable. This is because it sequesters carbon which if certified sustainably sourced will significantly reduce embodied carbon of buildings. This makes it a low emitting choice for a building material for an overall building and for renovations.[14]

Forest certification verifies that wood products have been sourced from well-managed forests. Most certification programs provide online search options so that consumers can find certified products—the Certification Canada program includes a search option for all of the certification programs that are in use in Canada.[15]

In North America, most structures are demolished because of external forces such as zoning changes and rising land values. Additionally, buildings that cannot be modified to serve the functional needs of the occupants are subject to demolition. Very few buildings on the continent are demolished due to structural degradation.[16]

The Athena Institute surveyed 227 commercial and residential buildings that were demolished in St. Paul, Minnesota, between 2000 and mid-2003. Thirty percent of the buildings were less than 50 years old, and 6% were less than 25 years old. The four top reasons for demolition were "area redevelopment" (35%), "building's physical condition" (31%), "not suitable for anticipated use" (22%), and "fire damage" (7%). Lack of maintenance was cited as the specific problem for 54 of the 70 buildings where physical condition was given as the reason for demolition.[16]

Plastics

[edit]

Plastics are extensively used in the construction and renovation industry.[17] Airborne microplastic dust is produced during renovation, building, bridge and road reconstruction projects[18] and the use of power tools.[19] It is also generated by deterioration of building materials[20]

Materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, polypropylene, and acrylic, can degrade overtime releasing microplastics.[17] During the construction process single use plastic containers and wrappers are discarded adding to plastic waste.[21] These plastics are difficult to recycle and end up in landfills where they break down over a long period of time causing potential leaching into the soil and the release of airborne microplastics.[22][23] Efforts have been made to reduce plastic waste by adding it to concrete as agglomerates. However, one solution for resolving the problem from the large amount of plastic wastes generated could bring another serious problem of leaching of microplastics. The unknown part of this area is huge and needs prompt investigation.[24]

The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of plastic materials, utilizing approximately 20% of all plastics produced annually. It also accounts for around 70% of global polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consumption, primarily in applications such as piping, window frames, flooring, and insulation.[25][26] It is predicted that much more will be produced and used in the future.[25] "In Europe, approximately 20% of all plastics produced are used in the construction sector including different classes of plastics, waste and nanomaterials."[26]

Others

[edit]
A shop under renovation, Hong Kong. The type of dust generated depends on the material being worked on. For example, in the above photo the dust does not seem to be solely wood dust, concrete dust, metal dust or paint dust.
 

Tools and equipment

[edit]

While the type of material used will determine the composition of the dust generated, the size and amount of particulates produced are mainly determined by the type of tool used. Implementation of effective dust control measures may also play a role.

Video: An angle grinder is used for cutting through a steel chain. The chain is kept under tension by a second person to avoid a blockade of the grinder. Large amounts of potentially harmful particulates (metal dust) are being generated.)

Use of angle grinder is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and particulates) are generated when compared with using reciprocating saw or band saw.[27] Angle grinders produce sparks when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce shards cutting other materials. The blades themselves may also break. This is a great hazard to the face and eyes especially, as well as other parts of the body.[28]

Adverse effects of power tool use

[edit]

Use of power tools can cause adverse effects on people living nearby. Power tools can produce large amounts of particulates including ultrafine particles.[29]

Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines) of air pollution[30] There is no safe level of particulates.[31]

Many tasks create dust. High dust levels are caused by one of more the following:[32]

A high dust level example.
  • equipment – using high energy tools, such as cut-off saws, grinders, wall chasers and grit blasters produce a lot of dust in a very short time
  • work method – dry sweeping can make a lot of dust when compared to vacuuming or wet brushing
  • work area – the more enclosed a space, the more the dust will build up
  • time – the longer you work the more dust there will be

Examples of high dust level tasks include:[32]

  • using power tools to cut, grind, drill or prepare a surface
  • sanding taped plaster board joints
  • dry sweeping[32]

Some power tools are equipped with dust collection system (e.g. HEPA vacuum cleaner) or integrated water delivery system which extract the dust after emission.[33][34]

Effects

[edit]

Air quality

[edit]

Indoor

[edit]

Outdoor

[edit]

Health

[edit]
 

In the US, “About 75% of homes built before 1978 contain some lead-based paint. The older the home the more likely it is to contain lead-based paint. You should assume that any home built before 1978 contains some lead."[35]

In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than 6 square feet (0.56 m2) of lead paint inside the home or 20 square feet (1.9 m2) outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities.[36] It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.[37]

Careful stabilization of any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner is also encouraged. Through authority vested in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), lead-based-paint removal by dry scraping, dry sanding, torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding / grinding without a HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system, is prohibited, as these methods have been proven to produce significant amount of lead dust during renovation, remodeling and painting.[38]

At the end of any remodeling or repainting job, a dust test performed by an independent third-party professional is also required by HUD for "clearance". Lead evaluations are done using a method called X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), which gives a result in 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.

As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.[39]

Sustainability

[edit]

Currently, worldwide 38% of emissions and 35% of energy use come from the building sector, including building construction and operation. This means renovations contribute to emissions and energy use of the building sector. These percentages are the largest portion of the total emissions and energy use globally.[40] This makes buildings have the highest potential for decreasing these percentages as well as the largest need to decrease them. Renovations are also one way to do this.

Renovations decrease emissions as instead of demolishing a building just to build a new one the building is reused. Reuse of buildings is not always desirable as it is often pursued to have a building designed for the many individual and unique needs building owners have but it is not always a necessity. Renovations can take a building and make it completely different from the old building just reusing the structure, which is often the largest contributor of embodied carbon to a building. However, in order to be able to do this buildings need to be design durably and re-use. Designing for durability and reuse is designing for new buildings to be "long lasting, use-adaptable, and culturally valuable"[14] to allow for the building to be kept for longer to minimize emissions from a complete rebuild.

Having these ideas in mind while designing new buildings significantly increases the likelihood for renovations to happen.[14] Buildings are more likely to be torn down because they can not accommodate the new desired use then because the structure is failing.[16] Renovations allow old buildings to fit new needs in a way that outputs less emissions than a complete tear down and construction of a new building which is often a feasible option.

Economic

[edit]
Renovated church, now condominiums, Watertown, Massachusetts

Renovation has several effects on economies, including:[41]

 

Regulation

[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Solvent – Substance dissolving a solute resulting in a solution
  • Cancer – Group of diseases involving cell growth
  • Concrete – Composite construction material
  • Construction waste – Unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction industries
  • Do it yourself – Building, modifying, or repairing, without the aid of experts or professionals
  • Home improvement – Process of renovating or making additions to one's home
  • How Buildings Learn – 1994 book and TV series by Stewart Brand
  • Indoor air quality – Air quality within and around buildings and structures
  • Lead positioning – Poisoning caused by lead in the body
  • Metal swarf – Filing debris or waste resulting from metal manufacturing processes
  • Microplastics – Extremely small fragments of plastic
  • Particulates – Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
  • Power tools – Tool that uses an additional power source
  • Pollution – Adverse environmental contamination
  • Repair Café – Venues where people gather and repair everyday items
  • Sawdust – Byproduct or waste product of woodworking operations (sawing, sanding, milling, etc.)
  • TVOC – Organic chemicals having a high vapor pressure at room temperature
  • Welding – Fabrication process for joining materials
  • Wood glue – Adhesive used to bond wood and wood-based materials
  • Wood preservative – Treatment or process aimed at extending the service life of wood structures

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "訂修噪音條例今起諮詢 管制住宅裝修使用撞擊式破碎機需呈報預繳". 香港01 (in Chinese). 18 Dec 2023. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024.
  2. ^ "Press Releases Detail". censtatd.gov.hk. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024.
  3. ^ "Home Renovation Process". Investopedia. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e Konstantinou, Thaleia; Prieto, Alejandro; Armijos-Moya, Tatiana (2021). "Renovation Process Challenges and Barriers". The 9th Annual Edition of Sustainable Places (SP 2021). p. 6. doi:10.3390/environsciproc2021011006.
  5. ^ a b Galiotto, Nicolas, Per Heiselberg, and Mary-Ann Knudstrup. "Integrated renovation process: overcoming barriers to sustainable renovation." Journal of architectural engineering 22.1 (2016): 04015007.
  6. ^ "Feasibility Study for the Academy Building Renovation and Town Hall and Memorial Building Reuse" (PDF). Bridgewater, Massachusetts. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
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  8. ^ "Add Value to Real Estate". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
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  10. ^ Suomen Kuvalehti, 39/2004. (in Finnish)
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  38. ^ "Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2020.
  39. ^ Schmidt, Charles (2018-03-21). "America's Misguided War on Childhood Lead Exposures". Cambridge, Mass.: Undark. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  40. ^ United Nations Environment Programme, "2020 Global status report for buildings and construction: towards a zero-emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector" (Nairobi, Kenya: Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, 2020). from: https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2020%20Buildings%20GSR_FULL%20REPORT.pdf . Accessed 8 Oct 2021
  41. ^ "Foundations for future growth in the Remodeling Industry" (PDF). Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.

Further reading

[edit]

 

About LeBlanc Decks

Driving Directions in Knox County


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