Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

Backsplash installation

This transparency builds trust and ensures the final outcome aligns with your expectations. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget. Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions.

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Open floor plans continue to reign supreme, offering a seamless flow between living, dining, and kitchen areas. Learn more about Affordable Home Renovation Surrey here
Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home. Plus, their commitment to sustainability means you can enjoy a more energy-efficient home, reducing your carbon footprint while saving on utility bills. This document outlines the project scope, timeline, and an accurate quotation.
You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations. We pride ourselves on a meticulous approach to planning and execution. First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website.
We provide regular updates and are always available to answer your questions. Surrey renovation project planning Communication is key, and they're always just a call or email away if you have questions or need updates. Imagine your home in Affordable Home Renovation Surrey as a diamond in the rough, holding untold potential that only needs the expert touch of Canyon Property Projects to truly shine.

Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations. Their team didn't just meet our expectations; they exceeded them, ensuring every detail reflected our personal style while emphasizing sustainability.'Mike and Jenna R. recount, 'We were impressed with how Canyon Property Projects managed our home addition. Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless.

Jumping into renovations without a detailed plan can lead to delays and cost overruns. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're kept in the loop. Best renovation experts Surrey

Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space. Window replacement It's not just about delivering on time and budget; it's about adding value that you hadn't even considered. Ensure you understand the local regulations and obtain the necessary permits before starting any work.

It's not uncommon for renovation projects to uncover additional needs that weren't initially anticipated. Experienced renovation team Surrey It's crucial to shop around and compare offers from different lenders to find the best rate and terms for your situation.

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Understanding your unique style and functional needs, our team crafts personalized design solutions that transform your house into the home you've always imagined.

Citations and other links

Interior Design Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

Feel free to reach out via phone at their dedicated customer service line. Garage renovation Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way. You've seen the before and after photos, but it's the stories behind these transformations that truly speak volumes. They've made it their mission to ensure that every renovation project they undertake is as unique as the individuals who live there. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home renovation experience that's as unique as you are.

In essence, they make sure your investment in your home pays off, both in terms of enjoyment and future resale value. As we move into the construction phase, you're kept in the loop with regular updates and progress reports. You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with a dedicated group of professionals who've spent years honing their craft. Kitchen renovation One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says.

You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. It's easy to get caught up in the excitement of design possibilities, but it's crucial to have a realistic budget and include a contingency fund for unexpected expenses. This layout not only maximizes your space but also fosters a more connected living environment. Whether you're dreaming of a modern minimalist kitchen, a luxurious bathroom retreat, or a cozy, multifunctional living area, we've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life.

They're not just thinking about aesthetics; they're considering functionality, flow, and how each element of the design will enhance your daily life. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. Building on their innovative use of technology, Canyon Property also excels in project management, ensuring your renovation is completed on time and within budget.

Interior Design Affordable Home Renovation Surrey
Basement Renovation Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

Basement Renovation Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is a reflection of you. This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere. With Canyon Property, you're not just renovating your house; you're creating a home that's tailor-made just for you.

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  14. Basement suite construction
  15. Interior painting
  16. Flooring installation
  17. Entertainment room renovation
  18. Bathroom tile renovation
  19. Home energy audit
  20. Structural renovation


From the initial idea to the final touches, they've got you covered. You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism. Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures?

Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. Moreover, choosing them means supporting a local business that understands Affordable Home Renovation Surrey's unique character and building regulations. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. knows the importance of adaptability in today's homes and focuses on creating spaces that reflect this need. They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy.

This step ensures no surprises pop up down the line. They've mastered the art of plumbing, from simple repairs to complete system overhauls, ensuring your home's water systems operate flawlessly. Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone. Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru. Backsplash installation

Complete Bathroom Renovation Affordable Home Renovation Surrey

The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. Vanity replacement Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall. By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards.

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Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource.
Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank. They finished ahead of schedule, and the results were beyond our dreams,' they shared. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability.

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Their ability to consistently exceed expectations is what sets them apart in the competitive renovation industry. Read more about Affordable Home Renovation Surrey here Custom renovations offer a unique opportunity to tailor your home to your specific needs and preferences, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision.

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  8. Garage renovation
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  10. Home theater installation
  11. Renovation cost estimates
  12. Surrey custom home upgrades
  13. Hardwood floor refinishing
  14. Open concept renovation
  15. Electrical renovations
Lastly, expect a more personalized renovation experience, with services tailored to your specific desires and needs. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire.
The attention to detail is evident in every project, showcasing how personalized touches can truly make a space feel like home. By adopting these sustainable practices, they ensure your home renovation isn't only an investment in comfort and style but also in environmental sustainability. It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Affordable Home Renovation Surrey home renovation market. Meet our team of seasoned experts who bring your dream home renovations to life with unmatched skill and creativity.

Complete Bathroom Renovation Affordable Home Renovation Surrey
Affordable Home Renovation Surrey Home Restoration Specialists
Affordable Home Renovation Surrey Home Restoration Specialists

As you imagine a future where your home evolves with your lifestyle, Canyon Property Projects offers the first step towards making that vision a reality. Renovation contractors This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional. This form asks for basic information like your name, email, and details about your project. You'll notice the difference this makes the moment you step into a space transformed by Canyon Property Projects. You're not just another client; you're a partner in the creative process.

You're not just getting builders; you're partnering with seasoned designers, architects, and craftsmen who understand the nuances of creating a space that's both beautiful and functional. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount. Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. Together, they make up a powerhouse team at Canyon Property Projects, dedicated to turning your renovation dreams into a reality with an unmatched level of expertise, passion, and precision.

We've integrated state-of-the-art project management tools that provide you with real-time updates on your project's progress. Need custom cabinetry? Our team's meticulously planned approach means you won't be left guessing what's next. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag.

In a market as competitive as Affordable Home Renovation Surrey's, standing out for the right reasons is crucial. If you're more comfortable communicating digitally, they've got you covered with an easy-to-use contact form on their website. Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish. Canyon Property's commitment to eco-friendly practices without sacrificing quality was evident in every choice they made on our behalf.



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Canyon Property manages every aspect of the renovation process, ensuring a seamless transition from old to new. You're also thinking about functionality, improving the flow of your home, and incorporating smart technology that enhances your day-to-day living. With Canyon Property Projects, you can tap into these trends and more, creating a home that's not just updated, but truly yours. Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality. Smart home upgrades Moreover, we understand that renovation can be disruptive.
It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come. Drywall installation and repair It's these experiences that highlight the company's commitment to not only meet but surpass their clients' visions. They're ready to listen to your ideas, needs, and the dreams you have for your space. They've taken a hands-on approach to make a difference, whether it's by sponsoring local sports teams, participating in charity events, or offering their expertise to help with community-led improvement projects.
Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. This collaborative approach guarantees that the end result isn't just satisfactory-it's exactly what you envisioned or better. Imagine controlling lighting, temperature, and security with a simple voice command or a tap on your smartphone.

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Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish.
This collaborative approach ensures that every detail of your renovation is a perfect match for your vision. Foundation repair It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating environments that enhance your daily life. We dive deep into the details, considering everything from the architectural style of your home to your personal aesthetic preferences. With Canyon Property Projects, overcoming these challenges is part of the journey to creating your dream home.

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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