Home Remodeling Surrey

Home Remodeling Surrey

Sustainable renovation materials

Investing in experienced contractors ensures the work is done right the first time, adhering to all regulations and standards. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. Read more about Home Remodeling Surrey here They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Surrey kitchen and bath renovations

  • Porch renovation
  • Door installation
  • Window replacement
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Living room renovation
  • Sunroom addition
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  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Home office renovation
  • Garage conversion
  • Home layout redesign
  • Garage renovation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Interior remodeling
  • Crown molding installation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
Learn more about Home Remodeling Surrey here After reimagining your kitchen, consider how a full-scale renovation by Canyon Property Projects can transform your entire home into a masterpiece of design and comfort. Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable.
By integrating smart home systems, you're not just updating your space; you're enhancing your lifestyle. Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand. What sets Canyon Property Projects apart is their commitment to quality and detail.
What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to transparency. When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects is committed to incorporating sustainable solutions that save water and energy, proving that beauty and efficiency can go hand in hand.
When you embark on a renovation journey with them, you're not just getting a service; you're becoming part of a process that prioritizes your vision, comfort, and satisfaction above all else. Another homeowner, Greg, mentioned, 'They transformed our outdated living room into a modern, cozy space. Bathroom tile renovation Imagine tearing down unnecessary walls to create an open, airy environment, or perhaps adding an extension to give your family the extra room it desperately needs.

Lastly, overlooking the need for permits can lead to significant issues. At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation. Laminate flooring installation Secondly, Canyon prioritizes clear communication. Communication is key. Why settle for a one-size-fits-all approach when your home can reflect your personal style and needs through a tailored makeover?

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  1. Eco-friendly renovations
  2. Living room renovation
  3. Sunroom addition
  4. Home gym remodeling
  5. Fireplace remodeling
  6. Home office renovation
  7. Garage conversion
  8. Home layout redesign
  9. Garage renovation
  10. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  11. Smart home upgrades
  12. Deck and patio remodeling
  13. Interior remodeling
  14. Crown molding installation
  15. Full-service renovation Surrey
  16. Renovation contractors
  17. Attic renovation


After this meeting, they'll provide a detailed proposal, outlining the scope of work, timelines, and estimated costs. Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of professionalism and innovation in the Home Remodeling Surrey home renovation market. They understand that your bathroom isn't just a functional space; it's a retreat-a place where you start and end your day. This isn't a distant dream anymore; it's quickly becoming the norm.

We can replace windows, doors, and insulation to enhance your home's energy performance, saving you money in the long run and contributing to a healthier planet. If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. You'll work closely with professionals who understand how to translate your ideas into reality while also advising on the best materials and innovative solutions to meet your goals. Sustainable renovation materials You're involved every step of the way, from the initial sketches to the final approval.

At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm. Let's work together to transform your space into something extraordinary, with the peace of mind that comes from knowing your project is in the best hands. Transforming your living areas into multifunctional spaces not only enhances your home's aesthetics but also maximizes its utility. As someone keen on transforming your living space, you've likely experienced the overwhelming task of sifting through countless contractors, seeking those rare gems that promise both reliability and quality.

Citations and other links

Master Bathroom Renovation Home Remodeling Surrey

The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run.

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  1. Home improvement services
  2. Modern home renovation Surrey
  3. Fence and gate installation
  4. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  5. Mudroom design
  6. Accessible home design
  7. Surrey custom home upgrades
  8. Plumbing upgrades
  9. Home insulation upgrades
  10. Home renovation
  11. Custom home remodeling
  12. Green home remodeling
  13. Soundproofing renovation
  14. Home energy audit
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Kitchen renovation
  17. Laundry room renovation
  18. Drywall installation and repair
  19. Foundation repair
  20. Countertop installation
Exterior home renovation Surrey kitchen and bath renovations Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall. By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource.

Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank. They finished ahead of schedule, and the results were beyond our dreams,' they shared. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability.

Their ability to consistently exceed expectations is what sets them apart in the competitive renovation industry. Custom renovations offer a unique opportunity to tailor your home to your specific needs and preferences, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Lastly, expect a more personalized renovation experience, with services tailored to your specific desires and needs.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Porch renovation

  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Backsplash installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Project management
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Window replacement
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Living room renovation
  • Sunroom addition
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Home office renovation
  • Garage conversion
With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire.

The attention to detail is evident in every project, showcasing how personalized touches can truly make a space feel like home. By adopting these sustainable practices, they ensure your home renovation isn't only an investment in comfort and style but also in environmental sustainability.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Whole house renovation

  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Exterior painting
  • Closet renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Basement suite construction
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
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  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Residential remodeling
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It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Home Remodeling Surrey home renovation market. Meet our team of seasoned experts who bring your dream home renovations to life with unmatched skill and creativity.

Master Bathroom Renovation Home Remodeling Surrey
Kitchen Remodeling Services Home Remodeling Surrey

Kitchen Remodeling Services Home Remodeling Surrey

Feel free to reach out via phone at their dedicated customer service line. Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way. You've seen the before and after photos, but it's the stories behind these transformations that truly speak volumes. They've made it their mission to ensure that every renovation project they undertake is as unique as the individuals who live there. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home renovation experience that's as unique as you are.

In essence, they make sure your investment in your home pays off, both in terms of enjoyment and future resale value. As we move into the construction phase, you're kept in the loop with regular updates and progress reports. You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with a dedicated group of professionals who've spent years honing their craft. One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. Surrey home renovation company 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says.

You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. It's easy to get caught up in the excitement of design possibilities, but it's crucial to have a realistic budget and include a contingency fund for unexpected expenses. This layout not only maximizes your space but also fosters a more connected living environment. Structural renovation Whether you're dreaming of a modern minimalist kitchen, a luxurious bathroom retreat, or a cozy, multifunctional living area, we've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life.

They're not just thinking about aesthetics; they're considering functionality, flow, and how each element of the design will enhance your daily life. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. Building on their innovative use of technology, Canyon Property also excels in project management, ensuring your renovation is completed on time and within budget.

Professional Renovation Contractors Home Remodeling Surrey

First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation. We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, minimalist design or a cozy, traditional space, they've got you covered. It's no coincidence that when you're scouring Home Remodeling Surrey for top-notch renovation services, your search almost invariably leads you to Canyon Property Projects.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Door installation

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  8. Fence and gate installation
  9. Kitchen cabinet replacement
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  12. Surrey custom home upgrades
  13. Plumbing upgrades
  14. Home insulation upgrades
  15. Home renovation
  16. Custom home remodeling
  17. Green home remodeling


Leading our construction team is Jack Taylor, a master builder with a keen understanding of quality and sustainability. This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your home renovation dreams a reality.

You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with professionals who bring years of experience and a passion for excellence to every project. Diving into the realm of innovative solutions, we leverage cutting-edge technology and creative approaches to elevate your home renovation project beyond the ordinary. With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs.

Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking. We meticulously oversee every detail, ensuring the workmanship meets our exacting standards-and yours. For homeowners, this means peace of mind knowing that their plumbing needs are in the hands of trusted professionals.

Professional Renovation Contractors Home Remodeling Surrey
Home Renovation Permits Home Remodeling Surrey BC
Home Renovation Permits Home Remodeling Surrey BC

This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become. This approach ensures you're not just getting the best in class service but also value for your hard-earned money. You're not just getting a cookie-cutter solution; you're getting a bespoke design that's tailored to your lifestyle, your preferences, and your dreams. Electrical renovations We listen carefully to your ideas and concerns, ensuring that communication remains open and consistent throughout the project.

Energy efficiency is another key focus. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover? Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run.

We're here to work closely with you, making sure you're informed about potential cost implications and helping you make decisions that align with your budget and your vision. Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services. Here's what you need to do.

After ensuring your home renovation reflects your unique style, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also prioritizes your complete satisfaction with the finished project. With us, you're not just renovating your property; you're crafting a space that tells your story, designed exclusively for you. Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Porch renovation

  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Open concept renovation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Foundation repair
  • Countertop installation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Backsplash installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Project management
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Walk-in shower installation


Home Renovation Specialists Near Me Home Remodeling Surrey

We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Whole house renovation Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is a reflection of you. This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere.

Home Remodeling Surrey - Door installation

  1. Exterior painting
  2. Closet renovations
  3. Vanity replacement
  4. Landscaping and hardscaping
  5. Basement suite construction
  6. Baseboard and trim renovation
  7. Surrey heritage home restoration
  8. Local home renovators Surrey
  9. Renovation cost estimates
  10. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  11. Residential remodeling
  12. Entryway remodeling
  13. Home remodeling consultation
  14. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  15. House remodeling experts
  16. Home improvement services
  17. Modern home renovation Surrey
  18. Fence and gate installation
With Canyon Property, you're not just renovating your house; you're creating a home that's tailor-made just for you.
From the initial idea to the final touches, they've got you covered. You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism. Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures?
Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. Moreover, choosing them means supporting a local business that understands Home Remodeling Surrey's unique character and building regulations. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. knows the importance of adaptability in today's homes and focuses on creating spaces that reflect this need. They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy.
This step ensures no surprises pop up down the line. They've mastered the art of plumbing, from simple repairs to complete system overhauls, ensuring your home's water systems operate flawlessly. Custom cabinetry Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone. Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru.

Explore Home Remodeling Surrey here
Home Renovation Specialists Near Me Home Remodeling Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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