The rotors begin as a distant thrum, a metallic heartbeat that gathers itself into certainty, and then the helicopter lifts-slowly at first, like a thought rising-before the ground slides away. Heat shimmers off the tarmac, the city blinks in a summer glaze, and suddenly you're above it all, Dubai unspooling beneath you like a ribbon of glass and sand. A helicopter tour over Dubai is a swift edit of time and distance, but it is also something simpler: a new angle on an old human longing to see where land kisses water. If you came for beach views, you'll find them in generous, improbable abundance.
The shoreline is the first thing to take your breath. Jumeirah Beach curves in a pale arc, a band of suede laid between the Arabian Gulf and neighborhoods with green gardens and chalk-white walls. From above, umbrellas scatter like confetti; beach towels shrink to pixels of color. The water, which from the sand seems simply blue, fractures into a painter's field-chalky turquoise near the shallows, then jade, then deepening bands of cobalt as the bottom falls away.
Dubai helicopter desert view
Dubai helicopter city sightseeing
Dubai Canal helicopter tour
Dubai coastline helicopter tour
Dubai helicopter coastline panorama
Dubai helicopter sightseeing flight
Boats etch white stitches through the surface, and their wakes unwind briefly and then are gone.
Off to one side, the Burj Al Arab rises from its own island, all sail and bravado, unmistakable even at altitude.
Dubai helicopter sky ride
Old Dubai helicopter tour
Dubai helicopter desert view
Dubai helicopter beach view
Dubai helicopter sky ride
The geometry is satisfying: a ship's sail, made of glass, anchored just offshore like a promise to always look seaward. The helicopter banks and for a second the hotel aligns with the horizon, a hyphen between sky and sea. It's an image you've likely seen, but seeing it from the air feels like a whispered secret-oh, so that's how it sits on the water, that's how far the reef extends, that's how sunlight witnesses it all.
Then the Palm appears, not as a symbol or a postcard but as a living geometry. The Palm Jumeirah is the kind of thing that only truly makes sense from above, its fronds radiating with precise extravagance. Villas line each leaf, each with its own slice of water, and you understand, visually and viscerally, how the city negotiated with the sea to extend its own edges. The breakwater ring holds back the Gulf, Atlantis crowns the far end in coral shades, and boats write lazy cursive along the inner crescents. Helicopter tour Dubai downtown skyline . Here, the water is many greens; you can read the depth through color like you'd read a mood in a face. The helicopter tips slightly, and the math of it-sand reclaimed, arches and channels-aligns with the romance: a palm tree large enough to hold a neighborhood.
Swinging north, the skyline thickens. Dubai Marina stacks its towers tight, mirrored canyons reflecting a sky that only grows brighter. JBR Beach is busy even from the air; you can track parasols and volleyball courts, the unreadable choreography of people moving in miniature. The giant observation wheel on Bluewaters Island traces a slow, perfect circle in your peripheral vision, an outline against the blue that makes the scale of the place both grand and friendly.
Further out, in the hazy distance, The World Islands scatter like a broken necklace-a cartographer's dream of continents rendered in sand and intention. Their outlines are soft, the sea teasing at their edges. Seen from above, they feel like a thought still becoming, a reminder that for all its precision, Dubai's relationship with the Gulf is a conversation rather than a conclusion. When the air is clear, the colors turn crystalline; when it's not, the islands are silhouettes, ideas drawn in mist.
What makes a helicopter tour of Dubai's beaches singular isn't only the compilation of landmarks-impressive though they are. It's the sense of continuity it grants: the long sweep of Jumeirah Beach into Kite Beach, the curve around to Umm Suqeim, the line of shore that keeps its own patient time beneath the city's acceleration. You see how the desert stops not at a wall but in a gradient, tan to olive to blue, the soft argument between land and sea. Inland, roads knit neighborhoods into patterns the eye loves-interchanges like flowers, villas arranged in lattices-and all the while the coastline keeps its steady, luminous arc.
In the cabin, the world bleeds through the headset with the pilot's calm narration. You learn that flights often trace this route in 12, 15, or 25 minutes-long enough to understand the map your feet have been following, short enough to want a second pass. Morning flights offer cool air and crisp horizons; late afternoon pours gold along the water and turns glass towers warm. If you're nervous before takeoff, the smoothness surprises you; the hum becomes a companion, and your hands soon forget to grip the seat. You angle your phone to the window, trying to dodge reflections. A little trick: keep the lens close but not pressed, shoot slightly downward to avoid glare, and let the helicopter's motion be your zoom.
Even in an experience designed for spectacle, quiet moments arrive. A single dhow heads out from the creek mouth, patient and unbothered. A line of waves breaks over an outer bar, pale scribbles on deep blue. Dubai helicopter sky ride On the sand, someone walks alone, their shadow a faithful double. From up here, every scene is both intimate and abstract, like looking at your own handwriting from a distance.
Tourism brochures promise “helicopter tour Dubai beach views” as if views were something to be dispensed, a commodity like bottled water. But seen from a few hundred meters up, the beaches feel less like a product and more like a living edge-constantly redrawn by tide and season, claimed for a day by families and friends, surrendered each evening back to the sea. The city is assertive, yes, even audacious; yet the coastline keeps a calmer counsel, a horizon that refuses to be rushed.
As the helicopter tilts toward home, the landmarks reorder themselves and become familiar again.
Dubai helicopter beach view
Helicopter tour Jumeirah Beach
Helicopter tour Dubai Arabian Gulf views
Helicopter tour Dubai city overview
Helicopter tour Dubai business travel
The Palm slides away, the sail of Burj Al Arab returns to its corner of the eye, the beaches flatten into a soft blonde line. Descent feels like waking: noise grows, speed slows, and the ground rises to meet you. The skids touch with a gentle shrug, the rotors soften, and the air returns to its usual quiet.
Dubai helicopter beach view
Helicopter tour Dubai luxury flight experience
Helicopter tour Dubai Expo City heliport
Helicopter tour Dubai panoramic views
When you step back into the heat, the city you walked in as a series of destinations has recomposed itself into a whole. Later, when your feet sink into that same sand, when you watch the horizon erase the sun into a coin of light, some part of your mind will still be elsewhere-aloft, tracing the curve where Dubai meets the Gulf, remembering how it felt to see the beaches as a single, shimmering sentence.
About Tourism in the United Arab Emirates
Burj Khalifa, the tallest tower in the world and a major tourist attraction of the United Arab Emirates.Jebel Jais, the highest mountain in the United Arab Emirates is part of Al Hajar Mountains.Rub al Khali desert on the outskirts of Liwa Oasis.
Tourism in the United Arab Emirates is an important part of the Emirati economy. In 2023, the tourism sector employed 809,300 people[1] and contributed 220 billion dirham to the national gross domestic product (GDP), accounting for 12% of it.[2] In 2024, the UAE was the 6th destination globally by international tourism receipts according to the World Tourism rankings,[3] and it ranked 18th globally in the Travel and Tourism Development Index.[4]
The country's major tourist attractions include the Burj Khalifa, Dubai Mall, and Palm Jumeirah in Dubai, Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, and Al Hajar Mountains in Fujairah.[5][citation needed]
History
[edit]
When the country was first formed in 1971 and freed from British control, the country itself did not have any sufficient tourist industry and the economic situation of the newly established nation was weak, despite massive oil wealth. Realizing the need to develop the country, and the awareness of oil limits, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who initiated the foundation of the UAE, envisioned the plan to diversify the country's economy, in which tourism was specifically regarded.[6] The envision was eventually carried out, and in 1979, Sheikh Zayed opened the country's first-ever hotel, the Metropolitan Hotel Dubai located in Dubai.[7]
The development of tourism in the United Arab Emirates was heavily linked to the development of tourism in Dubai, which was one of the earliest emirates in the country to open for tourists. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai from 1958 till 1990, realised one day Dubai would run out of oil and started building an economy that would outlast it.[8] Sheikh Rashid, together with Sheikh Zayed, was the instrumental leaders of leading the country's tourism, having made a joint declaration for the founding of the Emirates.[9] In 1989 the Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion Board was established, to promote Dubai as a luxury destination for the up-tier market and influential business sectors. In January 1997, it was replaced with the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM).[10]
Since 2000s, the United Arab Emirates have experienced a significant tourist boom, and increasing life standard and quality made the expenditure on tourism to rise, thus making it more important to the national economy.[11][12]
Tourist destinations
[edit]
Main article: List of tourist attractions in the United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi
[edit]
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates, and is the second most popular tourist destination in the country, under the management of Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority.[13] This is also the center of Formula One race in the country, the Yas Marina Circuit. Nonetheless, the city is also famous for its landscapes, given its proximity to the Persian Gulf. There are over ten beaches functioning in the city serving for tourist purpose.[14] The city is popular for its nightlife, more so than the more populous Dubai as it has lesser restriction and regular laws.[15] Abu Dhabi will become the home of Disneyland Abu Dhabi, the first Disney theme park in the Middle East.[16]
Dubai
[edit]
See also: Tourism in Dubai
Archipelagoes in Dubai.
Dubai is the most visited city in the United Arab Emirates, the most expensive city in the GCC and one of the most expensive cities in the world.[17] It is also the home of the two tallest towers in the world, the Burj Al Arab and Burj Khalifa, the latter occupies the top position. Nightlife in the city is also widely promoted.[18] The city is often seen as a symbol of rapid tourist success in the nation. Its richness encompassed by the rapid development and the mix with the local Arab culture made it a popular destination for tourists to travel. However, lack of general tourism development remains an obstacle which the Emirati authorities have sought to tackle.[19]
Fujairah
[edit]
Fujairah shares the Al-Hajar Mountains with Ras Al Khaimah, a major tourist attraction in the country. Outside the Hajar Mountains, the Fujairah Fort, Bitnah Fort, Snoopy Island, Masafi and Al Hayl Castle are also attractive destinations.[20] Fujairah holds a distinction for having a bull butting culture, a result of Portuguese colonization from 17th century.[21]
Ras Al Khaimah
[edit]
Ras Al Khaimah is known for its natural landscape.[22] The Al Hajar Mountains, in particular with mount Jebel Jais, the highest mountain of the country, offers views over craggy peaks down to the coastal plain, making this a common spot for photographers, particularly in the late afternoon when the orange-hued rocks glow.[citation needed] The world's longest zipline is also based in Ras Al Khaimah's Jebel Jais. Other include Dhayah Fort and its beach.[23]
By 2027, Ras Al Khaimah will feature the first integrated resort and casino in the country when Wynn Al Marjan Island opens.[24][25]
Sharjah
[edit]
See also: Tourism in Sharjah
Sharjah is a major commercial center of the UAE. Sharjah is perhaps, among the most traditional tourist center, due to initiative efforts by the emirate's leadership to keep its spirit within the growing modernization. In 1998, Sharjah was awarded the "Cultural Capital of the Arab World" title by UNESCO representing the United Arab Emirates.[26] Major destinations include the Sharjah Art Museum, Al Noor Mosque, Souk Al Markazi and Sharjah Heritage Area.[27] A cultural heritage project, Heart of Sharjah, has been undertaken to preserve and restore the old town of Sharjah and return it to its 1950s state.[28]
Tourism statistics
[edit]
International visitors
[edit]
Yearly tourist arrivals in millions[29]
Country
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
India
1,224,349
2,855,096
2,778,160
2,511,933
2,080,380
1,881,489
Oman
634,879
2,814,152
2,172,910
1,928,292
2,021,958
1,716,930
Saudi Arabia
512,875
1,897,471
1,993,646
1,876,316
1,921,916
1,662,435
Pakistan
418,973
840,222
819,683
763,396
767,724
671,847
United Kingdom
418,385
1,367,997
1,365,160
1,452,455
1,460,328
1,394,118
Russia
335,016
866,857
800,253
610,427
304,295
269,493
Germany
253,973
827,837
792,303
767,048
764,715
726,957
Egypt
238,226
357,084
328,049
297,658
302,560
301,952
United States
208,800
757,353
747,691
741,473
735,147
758,875
France
188,476
444,657
403,945
353,726
337,847
335,024
China
175,297
998,278
844,005
766,972
529,103
445,109
Italy
106,088
312,493
291,944
281,176
286,806
281,251
Philippines
104,438
378,423
375,938
379,754
365,749
322,297
Kuwait
98,576
378,109
399,795
463,708
492,360
489,425
Nigeria
79,630
250,568
172,476
128,676
145,725
162,086
Kazakhstan
78,072
164,219
140,801
93,968
89,723
85,625
Ukraine
73,819
154,001
123,221
83,670
77,397
70,154
Jordan
71,707
165,852
165,821
173,465
176,794
176,971
Canada
66,003
200,321
189,915
202,461
214,492
210,620
Bangladesh
63,674
158,108
132,931
31,350
31,529
39,179
Australia
63,371
297,709
305,320
331,450
353,390
389,702
Netherlands
61,432
170,484
170,018
169,829
163,662
171,496
Iraq
58,278
119,440
103,939
90,554
82,954
85,986
Spain
52,803
139,312
118,470
116,395
117,154
113,574
Bahrain
52,385
207,855
206,723
220,601
235,598
218,046
Iran
51,822
294,955
317,968
499,614
492,100
475,269
Lebanon
50,620
124,672
123,001
129,575
135,516
147,201
Indonesia
44,073
81,179
60,303
56,499
54,734
55,601
Poland
40,691
111,945
106,888
112,254
80,647
66,054
Afghanistan
39,784
75,721
44,777
34,181
28,659
51,984
South Korea
37,716
160,427
151,194
160,106
130,978
103,219
Belgium
36,619
87,110
78,870
74,983
73,775
71,379
Sweden
36,085
106,434
113,888
122,558
119,435
113,522
Romania
35,111
87,816
78,860
67,453
61,309
57,315
Brazil
34,655
105,141
85,822
78,312
54,362
59,950
Switzerland
34,111
120,623
121,675
121,399
108,782
110,785
Sri Lanka
33,539
102,200
90,455
85,474
84,013
77,295
Syria
31,972
69,876
49,979
48,270
60,212
67,943
South Africa
30,479
118,638
112,635
103,886
91,168
100,262
Turkey
29,930
86,077
87,322
97,302
97,464
94,448
Nepal
28,581
54,386
60,836
56,322
47,588
28,910
Uzbekistan
28,141
50,514
35,363
33,981
31,351
31,413
Algeria
28,120
97,693
76,211
58,397
58,356
46,767
Austria
27,630
78,751
74,857
72,779
72,587
79,293
Ireland
27,105
88,675
89,341
94,229
92,991
87,268
Japan
26,987
113,299
107,612
97,834
83,664
82,575
Uganda
24,748
60,780
49,272
41,721
35,059
30,010
Denmark
24,608
67,969
67,562
70,777
70,255
65,819
Morocco
22,537
66,526
57,229
50,818
45,708
40,170
Czech Republic
20,479
80,207
80,257
77,055
64,614
53,454
Medical tourism
[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Medical tourism § United Arab Emirates.[edit]
United Arab Emirates, especially Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Ras Al Khaimah is a popular destination for medical tourism. The Dubai Health authority has been spearheading medical tourism into UAE, especially Dubai. However, hospitals providing medical tourism are spread all over the seven emirates. UAE has the distinction of having the maximum number of JCI accredited hospitals (under various heads).[30] UAE has inbound medical tourism as well as people going out for medical treatment. The inbound tourism usually is from African countries like Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, etc. The outbound can be categorized into two segments - the local population (citizens of UAE) and the expats. The locals prefer to go to European destinations like the UK, Germany etc. The expats prefer to go back to their home countries for treatment.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]
Visa policy of the United Arab Emirates
List of museums in the United Arab Emirates
References
[edit]
^
Kamel, Deena. "UAE's travel industry set to create 23,600 new jobs this year". The National. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
^"Emirates Tourism Council reviews progress made in the achievement of UAE Tourism Strategy 2031". Ministry of Economy United Arab Emirates. 7 May 2024.
^"World Tourism Barometer" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. May 2024. p. 19. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
^"Major Tourist Attractions in the UAE". United Arab Emirates Ministry of Economy.
^Yakheek, Mahfooz (2003). "STRATEGIC VISION OF HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Built in 1979, the original Metropolitan Hotel was famed for being one of Dubai's first hotels and an institution in itself". Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Dubai Tourist Information". Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
^"Sheikh Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum: The Engineer and Architect of Dubai | Reach Personnel International". Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Sorry, the page you requested was not found". www.zu.ac.ae. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved Jan 30, 2020.
^Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser (April 12, 2016). "On the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the UAE: a bootstrap approach with leveraged adjustments". Applied Economics Letters. 23 (6): 424–427. doi:10.1080/13504851.2015.1078440. S2CID 155815209 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
^"Tourism contributes AED 134bn to UAE's GDP". Hotel News ME. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^"Department of Culture and Tourism". department of culture and tourism abu dhabi. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Ten of the best Abu Dhabi beaches | Etihad Airways Atlas magazine". Atlas by Etihad. June 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^Baby, Elin P. (March 9, 2019). "Got A Reason To Party Hard! Head To Abu Dhabi Right Now!". Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^Disney Is Building A New Theme Park In Abu Dhabi—Here’s What We Know
^"Dubai among most expensive cities for expat living, coffee". May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^"Dubai Nightlife". www.dubainight.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai". ResearchGate.
^"12 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Fujairah | PlanetWare". www.planetware.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"In Fujairah, bulls fight for honour, not money or blood". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Geography". Visit Ras Al Khaimah. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
^"10 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Ras Al-Khaimah | PlanetWare". www.planetware.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^"Wynn Resorts granted gaming license in the UAE | AGB".
^"UAE's $7 Billion Gaming Jackpot Draws Closer With Wynn License". October 7, 2024 – via www.bloomberg.com.
^"Sharjah, the Cultural Capital of the Arab World Centro Sharjah". www.rotanatimes.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
^"14 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Sharjah | PlanetWare". www.planetware.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^Morgan, James. "UAE: Heart of Sharjah on track to complete by 2025 | ConstructionWeekOnline.com". www.constructionweekonline.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^"Global and regional tourism performance". www.unwto.org. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
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About Burj Khalifa
Skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Burj Khalifa
برج خليفة
The Burj Khalifa viewed across the Dubai Fountain in October 2012
Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area
Record height
Tallest in the world since 2009
[I]
Preceded by
Taipei 101
General information
Status
Completed
Type
Mixed-use
Architectural style
Neo-futurism
Location
1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai, Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Named for
Sheikh Khalifa
Construction started
6 January 2004; 22 years ago (2004-01-06)
Topped-out
17 January 2009; 17 years ago (2009-01-17)
Completed
1 October 2009; 16 years ago (2009-10-01)
Opened
4 January 2010; 16 years ago (2010-01-04)
Cost
US$1.5 billion
Owner
Emaar Properties
Height
Architectural
828 m (2,717 ft)
Tip
829.8 m (2,722 ft)
Antenna spire
242.5 m (796 ft)
Roof
739.4 m (2,426 ft)
Top floor
585.4 m (1,921 ft)
Observatory
555.7 m (1,823 ft)
Technical details
Structural system
Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium
Floor count
154 + 9 maintenance
Floor area
309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators
57 (mall included)
Design and construction
Architect
Adrian Smith
Architecture firm
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Structural engineer
Bill Baker
Main contractor
Samsung C&T
BESIX
Arabtec
Other information
Parking
2 subterranean levels
Public transit access
M1 At Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall
Website
burjkhalifa.ae
References
[1]
Photographic silhouette of the Dubai skyline; the Burj Khalifa is visible at the center
The Burj Khalifa[a] (known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration) is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it is the world's tallest structure, with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[2] of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the tallest building in the world since its topping out in 2009, surpassing Taipei 101, which had held the record for a half-decade.[3][4]
Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Some of the structural steel for the building was salvaged from the demolished Palace of the Republic in East Berlin.[5] The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It was designed to be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.
The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[6] The United Arab Emirates government provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, Emaar Properties, experienced financial problems during the Great Recession. Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organized federal financial support. For his support, Mohammad bin Rashid, Ruler of Dubai, changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration.
The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[7] The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[8] It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.
Development
[edit]
Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[9][10] and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.[citation needed]
The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as a chief structural engineer.[11][12] The firm had designed the Sears Tower in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[13]
Hyder Consulting was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, together with the Belgian group BESIX and the local company Arabtec.[14]
Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from South Asia, the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[15]
Conception
[edit]
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[16] nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[17]
The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[18] It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.[18] In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[19]
Records
[edit]
The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:
Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[20]
Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft)
Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110)[21]
World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[22]
World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[22][23]
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[24]
World's tallest structure that includes residential space[25]
World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[26]
World's highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[27]
World's highest New Year display of fireworks.[28]
World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[29][30][31]
Architecture and design
[edit]
A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, Willis Tower, and the original World Trade Center
The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[32][33] Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building.[32][34] Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[35] The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower. When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower's curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype".[36] According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[37]
After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[38] Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[39] Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[38] NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,[40] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.
The design is derived from Islamic architecture.[22] As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[7] At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[41]
The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[42] This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered vanity height, since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own".[2] Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[43]
In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa.[44]
The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins.[42] The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.[citation needed] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[45]
The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[46][needs update]
A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[3][47] The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[48][49] but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[50] The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[51] yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.
The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[52] Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[52][53]
The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[42] The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest double-deck elevators, rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[25] The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[54] The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[55]
Plumbing systems
[edit]
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[22][56] An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[56]
Air conditioning
[edit]
The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[57] At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[56] Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[22]
Window cleaning
[edit]
To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[58][59] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[42][60]
Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[61] at a cost of A$8 million.[60]
Features
[edit]
Fountain
[edit]
The Dubai Fountain
Main article: The Dubai Fountain
Outside the Burj Khalifa, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[62] On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[63]
Observation deck
[edit]
Main article: At the Top (Burj Khalifa)
View of The Dubai Fountain from the observation deckView from the observation deck
An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[64] It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014.[65][66] However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest observation deck. Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[67]
The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[68][69][70] To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[71]
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[72][73][74][75][76]
When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[77]
Park
[edit]
Main article: Burj Park
Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[78] Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant.[79] At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.[80]
The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[80] WET Enterprises, who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six water features.[81]
Floor plan
[edit]
Floors
Purpose[42][82]
Dimetric projection with floors colour-coded by function[83]
160–163
Mechanical
156–159
Communication and broadcast
155
Mechanical
152–154
The Lounge observatory
149–151
Corporate suites
148
At the Top Sky observatory
139–147
Corporate suites
136–138
Mechanical
125–135
Corporate suites
124
At the Top observatory
123
Sky lobby
122
At.mosphere restaurant
111–121
Corporate suites
109–110
Mechanical
77–108
Residential
76
Sky lobby
73–75
Mechanical
44–72
Residential
43
Sky lobby
40–42
Mechanical
38–39
Armani Hotel suites
19–37
Residential
17–18
Mechanical
9–16
Armani Residences
1–8
Armani Hotel
Ground
Armani Hotel, Lobby
Concourse
Armani Hotel, Lobby
B1–B2
Parking, Mechanical
Ramadan observance
[edit]
On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor should wait two extra minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor should wait three minutes.[84]
Construction
[edit]
Animation of construction processAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008
The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.[85] Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE.[86][87] Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract.[88] Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminium combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[89][90]
The contractor and the engineer of record was Hyder Consulting.[91] Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[24] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.[11] In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[24] the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[92] The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.
In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure.[93]"Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface.[94] Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[95] The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".[citation needed] Another challenging element was the shamal which often creates sandstorms.[20]
Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000 long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[25] The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[96] A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[42][20]
During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the Palace of the Republic in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the Volkskammer of the former East Germany. The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[5]
The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[42][97]
Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.[98]
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[99][100][101][102][103]
Milestones
[edit]
Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010
January 2004: Excavation commences.[26]
February 2004: Piling starts.[26]
21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[104]
March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[26]
June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[26]
February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[26][105]
21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[26][106]
12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).
12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[26][107]
7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[26][108]
17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[109]
1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[110]
17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[111]
1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[112]
4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[4]
10 March 2010: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[113]
Real estate values
[edit]
In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[114] He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion.[6]
The project's completion coincided with the Great Recession, and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[115] With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.[4][116]
Because of the slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[117][118] Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[119] By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[120]
Official launch ceremony
[edit]
The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa
The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[121] Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[122] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[123]
The opening was held on 4 January 2010.[124] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[122] The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates.[125] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.[citation needed]
Controversies
[edit]
Incidents
[edit]
On 10 May 2011, an Asian migrant worker in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[126]
On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the Jumeirah Lake Towers.[127][128] Nine News obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under freedom of information laws, which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[129]
Labour
[edit]
Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates
The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[130][131] This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[132][133] On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[109] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[130] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[134][135][136] During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[137] Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[134]
In March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[130] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[130] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[130]
New Year's Eve
[edit]
Emaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by Emaar Properties.[138][139] The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on The Dubai Fountain choreographed to the soundtrack.[140][141] The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[142]
Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by Dubai Media Incorporated and Dubai TV.[142]
Emaar New Year's Eve has won two Guinness World Records, including "Largest LED-Illuminated Facade" in 2015 and 2019.[143][144][145]
In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on Twitter,[146][147] and YouTube. In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on Zoom.[148]
In 2021, Emaar celebrated solidarity in honour of frontline workers of the COVID-19 pandemic.[149]
For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[150]
BASE jumping
[edit]
The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:
In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[151][152]
On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[153][154]
On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[155][156][157]
Climbing
[edit]
On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness.[158]
Awards
[edit]
Burj Khalifa artwork project made of Lego in Bricksworld 2014
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[159] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[160] Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, said:
We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[161]
Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[162][163]
Year
Award
2012
Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago.
2011
Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room.
Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.
Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Economic Digest).
Project of the Year from MEED.
2010
International Architecture Award.
Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit.
Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards.
Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards.
International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape.
Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi.
Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis.
Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers.
International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards.
Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards.
Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award.
International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations.
Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine.
Spark Awards, Silver Award.
Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI.
See also
[edit]
United Arab Emirates portal
Architecture portal
List of buildings in Dubai
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
List of development projects in Dubai
List of tallest buildings and structures
List of tallest freestanding structures
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates
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External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burj Khalifa (category)
Official website
"The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2026. (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006)
"The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower" (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.cite web: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)
BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening, with video and links; Maintaining the world's tallest building
Geographic data related to Burj Khalifa at OpenStreetMap
Records
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)
World's tallest structure ever built on dry land
2008 – present
Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)
World's tallest structure on dry land
2008 – present
Total 24 kilometres (15 mi) of which natural length is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi)
North end
Al Shindagha
South end
Beach of Jumeirah
Dubai Creek (Arabic: خُوْر دُبَيّ, romanized: Khūr Dubayy) is a natural saltwater creek in Dubai. It extends about 9 miles (14 km) inwards and forms a natural port that has traditionally been used for trade and transport.[1] The creek ranges from 200 to 1,200 metres (660 to 3,940 ft) in width while the average depth is about 6.5 to 7 metres (21 to 23 ft). Previously, it extended to Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary but as part of the new Business Bay Canal and Dubai Canal, it extends a further 13 km (8.1 mi)[2] to the Persian Gulf.[3]
In the 1950s, extensive development of the creek began, including dredging and construction of breakwaters. A number of bridges allow movement of vehicles across the creek while abras are used as taxis. The banks and route alongside the creek houses notable government, business and residential areas. A number of tourist locations and hotels are situated along the creek. The Dubai Creek, a vital waterway in the heart of the city, plays a significant role in Dubai's growth by handling the passage of more than 13,000 ships annually. As a major artery for maritime trade, it supports the city's commercial operations. Enhancements to the Creek's infrastructure are being made through a project aimed at improving safety and security measures for maritime traffic and commercial activities. These improvements are expected to strengthen the city's role as a regional hub for trade and ensure smoother, more secure operations for the numerous ships passing through each year.[4]
History
[edit]
See also: History of Dubai and History of the United Arab Emirates
The creek in 1964
The creek in 2007
Historically, the creek divided the city into two main sections – Deira and Bur Dubai. It was along the Bur Dubai creek area that members of the Bani Yas tribe first settled in the 19th century, establishing the Al Maktoum dynasty in the city.[5] In the early 20th century, the creek, though incapable then of supporting large scale transportation, served as a minor port for dhows coming from as far away as India or East Africa. Although it impeded the entry of ships due to current flow, the creek remained an important element in establishing the commercial position of Dubai, being the only port or harbour in the city.[6] Dubai's pearling industry, which formed the main sector of the city's economy, was based primarily on expeditions in the creek, prior to the invention of cultured pearls in the 1930s. Fishing, also an important industry at the time, was also based along the creek, whose warm and shallow waters supported a wide variety of marine life. Dhows used for purposes of fishing were also built on the foreshore of the creek.[7]
The importance of the creek as a site of commercial activity was a justification to introduce improvements to allow larger vessels to transit, as well as to facilitate loading and unloading activities. This led, in 1955, to a plan to develop the creek, which involved dredging shallow areas, building of breakwaters, and developing its beach to become a quay suitable for loading and unloading of cargo.[8] The creek was first dredged in 1961 to permit 7-foot (2.1 m) draft vessels to cross through the creek at all times.[9] The creek was dredged again in the 1960s and 1970s so that it could offer anchorage for local and coastal shipping of up to about 500 tons.[10] The dredging opened up the creek to much more continuous traffic of merchandise, including the development of re-export, and gave Dubai an advantage over Sharjah, the other dominant trading centre in the region at the time.[10]
Al Maktoum Bridge, the first bridge connecting Bur Dubai and Deira was constructed in 1963. Although the importance of the creek as a port has diminished with the development of the Jebel Ali Port, smaller facilities, such as Port Saeed, continue to exist along the creek, providing porting to traders from the region and the subcontinent.
2000s
[edit]
NBD headquarters along the Dubai Creek
In September 2007, a Dhs. 484 million (US$ 132 million) extension of the creek was finished, which now ends just south of the Metropolitan Hotel and projects on Shaikh Zayed Road. A final 2.2-kilometre extension, called the Dubai Water Canal was inaugurated 9 November 2016, crossing Shaikh Zayed Road in a northerly route, passing through Safa Park and then through Jumeirah 2. The channel is expected to continue through Jumeirah Beach Park where it will reach the shores of the Persian Gulf.[11] The extension is part of the Dubai's Business Bay development. Additionally, a new project consisting of seven islands known as Dubai Creek Harbour was proposed to be built on Dubai Creek. The centerpiece of this project would be the Dubai Creek Tower, which is set to become the tallest building in the world. Three additional bridges are being planned for Dubai Creek, which are the Seventh Crossing, the Al Shindagha Bridge, and the Fifth Bridge.[12][13]
The Dubai Festival City Mall on Dubai Creek opened in 2007. Mohammed Bin Rashid Library is being built in the Al Jaddaf area on the Creek. Dhows are constructed in this area too on the bankside. The Green Line of the Dubai Metro terminates at the Dubai Creek metro station. Close to this metro station is the Al Jaddaf Marine Station, operating ferries on the Creek, including across the Creek to the Dubai Festival City Mall.
The Dubai Creek Harbour development is set to launch in 2025, home to Dubai Creek Tower, with residential units and parks constructed.[14]
Route
[edit]
Original
[edit]
The creek's initial inlet into mainland Dubai is along the areas of Deira Corniche and Al Ras in eastern Dubai and along the area of Al Shindagha in western Dubai. It then progresses south-eastward through the mainland, passing through Port Saeed and Dubai Creek Park. The creek's natural ending is at the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from its origin at the Persian Gulf. The traditional form of transport between the eastern and western sections of Dubai via the creek was through abras, which continue to operate in Dubai. In addition, the eastern and western sections are linked via four bridges (Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, Business Bay Crossing, and Floating Bridge) and one tunnel (Al Shindagha Tunnel).
Original route of Dubai Creek is highlighted in blue. The new extension is highlighted in red.
Coast of Dubai from the International Space Station. Dubai Creek is visible.
Dubai International Airport and Dubai Creek figure prominently in this photograph from the International Space Station.
Extensions
[edit]
Image of part of the creek extension captured from near the south end (at
The creek has been extended by 13 km (8.1 mi) through Business Bay, Dubai Canal and through Jumeirah into the Arabian Gulf.
Landmarks
[edit]
Buildings and structures along Dubai creek. Hover and click on the map and then on the points for details.
Including the most remarkable buildings alongside the Deira side of the Creek are the Deira Twin Towers, the old Dubai Creek Tower, Sheraton Dubai Creek, National Bank of Dubai, and Chamber of Commerce.[15] On the other side of Al Maktoum Bridge along Dubai Creek is Dubai Creek Park, one of the largest parks in Dubai.[16]
The creek is also home to the Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club, comprising an 18-hole tournament golf course, clubhouses, residential development, and the Park Hyatt hotel.
Crossings
[edit]
Present crossings, in order from northwest to southeast
Al Shindagha Tunnel
Al Maktoum Bridge
Floating Bridge (temporary; to be replaced by the "Dubai Smile" in the future)
Al Garhoud Bridge
Business Bay Crossing
Infinity Bridge
Future/planned crossings
Dubai Smile (to replace the Floating Bridge)
Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing (to link Al Jaddaf and Bur Dubai)
Ports and marinas
[edit]
Port Saeed
Abra station in Deira
Port Saeed
Dubai Creek Harbour
Al Jaddaf Marine Station
Business Bay Marina
References
[edit]
^Gupte 2011, p. 76.
^Hammad 2019, p. 101–102.
^
Karanam, Sankarbabu; Juma, Ibrahim Mohammad; AlHarmoudi, Alya Abdulrahim; Yang, Zongyan (30 December 2018). "Hydrodynamics of Extended Dubai Creek System". Coastal Engineering Proceedings (36). Proceedings of 36th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, 2018: 25. doi:10.9753/icce.v36.currents.25 (inactive 12 July 2025). S2CID 188648755. Retrieved 10 October 2021.cite journal: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
^Abdulla, Nasreen. "Dubai announces Dh112 million Creek restoration project to prevent potential flooding". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
^Dubai. T. Carter, L Dunston. Lonely Planet. 2006
^Doing Business with the United Arab Emirates. Terterov, Marat. GMB Publishing Ltd. 2006
^"Dubai - Modern History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011. (47.0 KB). Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing. Government of Dubai
^Doing Business with the United Arab Emirates. Terterov, Marat. GMB Publishing Ltd. 2006
^Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty's Government, 1960-1969. Joyce, Miriam. Routledge. 2003
^ abNegotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East. Jones, Jeremy. IB Tauris. 2007
^Derek Baldwin (27 September 2007). "Dubai Creek: It Just Got Longer". XPRESS.
^Ahmed, Ashfaq (6 November 2009). "Floating Bridge will stay till 2014". Gulf News.
^"Dubai Traffic, Architecture & Creek Bridges". ciio.unab.edu.co. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
^P, Devadasan K. (1 August 2025). "Dubai Creek in the 1950s: A glimpse into global city's humble beginnings". Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
^Dubai Creek Gigapixel Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Highly detailed view of the Creek on a length of 3 km from Al Sabkha Rd to Chamber of Commerce.
^"Dubai Creek Park", capturedubai.com, 29 March 2015. Retrieved on 30 March 2015.
Bibliography
Hammad, Ahmed (June 2019). "Business Bay – Dubai Creek Extension -Construction Management, Challenges and Results. Part II – Project Details" (PDF). Journal of Engineering and Architecture. 7 (1): 100–109. doi:10.15640/jea.v7n1a11 (inactive 12 July 2025). eISSN 2334-2994. ISSN 2334-2986. S2CID 191180349. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020.cite journal: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Gupte, Pranay (2011). Dubai: The Making of a Megapolis. Viking. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780670085170.
Further reading
[edit]
Ahmad Makia (April 2015) "Dubai Creek as an Island City-State: Free Zones, Canals, and City Doppelgängers." Avery Review:7
Dubai Creek Harbour== External links ==
Dubai Creek at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
Data from Wikidata
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