Quiet Quad Tracks Near Al Qudra: Hidden Gems

Quiet Quad Tracks Near Al Qudra: Hidden Gems

Quad Biking Dubai Red Dune Safari – Where the sand steals the spotlight.

At first light, Al Qudra looks like a held breath. The cycling track lies in a neat loop of dark ribbon, the lakes lie still as mirrors, and the dunes soften into a long, slow exhale of gold. Somewhere beyond the parked SUVs and the coffee stands, the quiet quad tracks begin-loose threads of sand and salt, scarcely marked, unhurried, almost shy. They are the hidden gems of this desert, not because they are secret, but because they are subtle.

Quad Biking Dubai Open Desert – No walls, no limits, just dunes.

  1. Quad Bike Dubai Full Desert Experience – From first rev to last smile.
  2. Quad Biking Dubai Short Ride – Quick thrill, long-lasting grin.
  3. Quad Biking Morning Dubai – Beat the heat and wake up faster than coffee ever could.
  4. Quad Bike Dubai Adventure Escape – Because escaping emails on a quad just feels right.
You find them not by geotag but by patience: you ride gently, you listen, and the landscape tells you where to go.


“Quiet” is a rare quality in a place that can, on weekends, buzz with engines and drones. Near Al Qudra, quiet arrives when you move a few dunes away from the most photographed lake or let the sound of a convoy fade behind you. It arrives with the wind. On a quad, the first stretch of silence is often a sabkha-the pale flats that gather where brief winter rains leave a skin of salt and clay. Quad Biking Dubai Best Experience – The kind of “best” that ruins normal activities forever. In the early hours, before the sun loosens everything, these flats are smooth and firm, an elegant welcome mat to the day's ride. They carry the hum of the engine lightly, spread out like a stage, and then dissolve into dunes once more. When the heat rises, the sabkha softens, reminding you that in the desert, timing is a form of wisdom.


Then come the strings of low dunes, stitched together by the direction of the wind. This is where the riding becomes musical. You learn the cadence of the crests, the way the windward face grips and the leeward face slides. The safe lines track the ridges, curving like handwriting along the top of a dune, drifting down into bowls and out again with small, careful throttles. These bowls-modest, not the towering monsters of Liwa-are intimate rooms of sand, softened by morning shadow. A handful of them, tucked between ghaf trees, hold the best kind of challenge: enough to get your heart up, never so steep they punish a mistake. If you listen, the desert gives you a meter to ride by: pause at the crest, look for a safe exit, commit. Quiet quad tracks are the ones that let you practice that sentence until it becomes a poem.


The ghaf corridors are another kind of treasure. Here the trees gather in protective huddles, roots anchoring the dune's foot, shade pooling like water. In windbreaks like these you might cut the engine and hear the desert exhale-the whisper of sand, the impatient click of a lark, the distant jangle of a camel bell. On certain winter mornings, fog sits low and gives the shrubs a halo; on spring days, tiny flowers make a brave show at the margins. The rule is simple and nonnegotiable: never ride close to the trees, never over living ground that can't rebound from your tracks. Stay on already-used corridors, the faintly packed lines where sand remembers other tires. Part of the gem is leaving it intact for whoever follows.


Some of the quietest routes follow the utility lines and the old fence lines, the unglamorous service tracks that most people speed past. Ironically, they often deliver the most contemplative rides: steady soils, long perspectives, room to watch the sky. They serve a practical purpose too, as safe bailouts when dunes get fickle or the sun climbs faster than you expected. There's a modest dignity to a pylon path at sunset, a row of skeletal towers lit burnished orange, your shadow lengthening alongside them like a traveling companion.


To call these places “hidden” is to misunderstand them slightly. They hide only from noise. If you come at midday in July, the desert will answer with glare and emptiness, and you will think there is nothing here. If you come in the cool months-October to April-at dawn or in the long sigh of late afternoon, the gems show themselves all at once. A fox prints its stitch-work across a face of powder. A line of oryx writes a graceful curve on the horizon. The ripples on a dune arrange themselves like the grain of satin. After winter rain, the sand compacts, and the whole desert plays by gentler rules, forgiving to throttle and daring you to go a little farther. After a windstorm, the slate is wiped clean, and you begin again.


Riding quietly is a craft. It starts with preparation that is as much about respect as safety: plenty of water, sun sense, a first-aid kit, a charged phone and a way to navigate offline. A flag to make yourself visible at crests. A buddy to share decisions with; silence is beautiful, but it isn't the same as being alone. If you're renting, go with a licensed operator who knows where motorized traffic is allowed; Al Qudra lies within the Al Marmoom Desert Conservation Reserve, and the rules exist to protect the life you came to enjoy. Keep to existing tracks where they exist, give lakes a wide berth, and treat the cycling loop like the sanctuary it is: slow near crossings, wave at riders, absorb a little of their discipline. If you're deflating tires, follow the machine and rental guidance rather than hearsay-what works for a big 4x4 doesn't translate perfectly to a quad. The goal is always the same: float, don't scar.


There are delights you can plan for, and some you can't.

Quad Biking Dubai Open Desert – No walls, no limits, just dunes.

  1. Quad Biking Dubai Red Dune Safari – Where the sand steals the spotlight.
  2. Quad Biking Dubai Best Experience – The kind of “best” that ruins normal activities forever.
  3. Quad Biking Dubai Open Desert – No walls, no limits, just dunes.
You can plan to start in the blue hour, to watch the dunes trade indigo for amber. You can plan a coffee stop at a food truck on the way out and a thermos for the way in. You can aim yourself toward a stretch of low, parallel ridges that look promising on satellite imagery and find them, indeed, gentle and perfect. But you can't plan the way a kestrel will take up the role of escort for a few hundred meters, or the way your engine's note will muffle to a purr in the lee of a dune. Eco-Friendly Quad Biking in Dubai: 8 Smart Hacks . You can't plan the hush that falls when you cut the throttle on a rise and the city's distant noise fails to catch up with you. Those are the moments when the desert gives you what you came for without making a show of it: clarity, a little courage, the sensation of being exactly where you are.


By night, the quiet clarifies further. The stars come out hard and bright, and the dunes recalibrate their edges into soft silhouettes. If you camp, keep fires small and controlled, pack your ash and your litter out, and regard the night as a guest. The tracks you leave in the morning wind will be gone by evening, and that is part of the agreement. The best rides near Al Qudra leave less trace than the wind and more memory than a photograph. They are compositions in restraint, where the measure of a day is not how far you roared but how well you listened.


In the end, the hidden gems are not destinations pinned to a map. Quad Biking Dubai Open Desert – No walls, no limits, just dunes. They are the sabkha that holds firm just long enough, the ridge that carries you in a single confident line, the shade of a ghaf where you switch off your engine and hear the desert answer back. They are the small decisions-early instead of late, gentle instead of aggressive, attentive instead of showy-that add up to a ride you'll replay for months. Near Al Qudra, the desert is generous with those who take it quietly. The tracks are here. The gems are waiting. Bring patience, bring care, and let the silence lead.

 

Skyline of Downtown Dubai; Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, is visible at the center

The economy of Dubai's gross domestic product of the calendar year 2023 as of January 2024 is AED 429 billion ($USD 116.779 billion).[1] Dubai has substantially transformed over the last couple of decades.[2] More than 90% of the population are foreigners.[2]

The International Herald Tribune described it as "centrally-planned free-market capitalism".[3] Oil production, which once accounted for 50% of Dubai's gross domestic product, contributes less than 1% today.[4] In 2018, wholesale and retail trade represented 26% of the total GDP; transport and logistics, 12%; banking, insurance activities and capital markets, 10%; manufacturing, 9%; real estate, 7%; construction, 6%; tourism, 5%.[5][6]

Dubai became important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area. Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s. The city of Dubai has a free trade in gold and until the 1990s was the hub of a "brisk smuggling trade" of gold ingots to India, where gold import was restricted.

Dubai has sought to boost itself as a tourism destination by building hotels and developing real estate. Port Jebel Ali, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest man-made harbor in the world, but is also increasingly developing as a hub for service industries such as IT and finance, with the new Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). The Emirates airline was founded by the government in 1985 and is still state-owned; based at Dubai International Airport, it carried over 49.7 million passengers in 2015.[7] The government has set up industry-specific free zones throughout the city in hopes of giving a boost to Dubai property. Internet access is restricted in most areas of Dubai with a proxy server filtering out sites deemed to be against cultural and religious values of the UAE.

Due to financial secrecy, low taxes, and valuable real estate, Dubai is an appealing destination for money launderers, criminals, corrupt political figures and sanctioned businesspeople to launder or hide money.[8][2][9][10][11][12]

During the 2008 financial crisis, Dubai almost defaulted and, therefore, was obliged to downsize and restructure suffering state entities. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated in 2019 that Dubai's debt exceeded 100% of its GDP. Abu Dhabi rolled over a bailout loan of $20 billion to Dubai to save it.[13][14][15]

Corporations

[edit]

During the first quarter of 2015, Dubai saw a 12.5% rise in the number of new registered companies as 9,317 new firms registered with the Dubai Trade, and this had brought the total number of registered companies in Dubai to 106,000.[16]

Between January and August 2017, Dubai issued licenses for 249,000 businesses, making up 46.8% of the total number of licenses issued across the UAE during that period.[17][18]

Main economic drivers

[edit]

Travel and tourism

[edit]

Tourism is a major economic source of income in Dubai and part of the Dubai government's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirates.[19] The tourism sector contributed in 2017 about $41 billion to the GDP, making up 4.6% of the GDP, and provided some 570,000 jobs, accounting for 4.8% of total employment.[20] The contribution of the sector to the GDP rose by 138% during the years 2007-2017.[20]

The Dubai International Airport (DXB) recorded 83.6 million passengers in 2016,[20][21] and 14.9 million visitors stayed in Dubai hotels in the same year, a rise of 5% from 2015.[22][23]

Since the Abraham Accords peace agreement was signed on Sept. 15, 2020, over 50,000 Israelis visited the UAE as daily direct flights between Tel Aviv and Dubai were operated even during the COVID-19 pandemic as the two countries declared each other ‘green zones,' sparing travellers the quarantine periods.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] On Dec. 26, 2020, an order signed by Israel's Health Ministry Director-General Chezy Levy went into effect, requiring all returnees from Dubai to enter a 14-day quarantine.[31][32]

Real estate and property

[edit]

The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based but oil-reliant economy[33] to one that is service- and tourism-oriented resulted in the property boom from 2004 to 2008.[citation needed] Construction on a large scale has turned Dubai into one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.[34] The property boom is largely driven by megaprojects such as the off-shore Palm Islands and The World, and the inland Dubai Marina, Burj Khalifa complex, Dubai Waterfront, Business Bay, Dubailand and Jumeirah Village.

The Palm Jumeirah, the world's largest man-made island

Dubai is home to skyscrapers such as Emirates Towers, which are the 12th and 24th tallest buildings in the world,[citation needed] and the Burj-al-Arab hotel, located on its artificial island and currently the world's fifth tallest[35] and most expensive[citation needed] hotel.

Emaar Properties constructed the world's current tallest structure, the Burj Khalifa. The height of the skyscraper is 828 m (2,716.5  ft) tall, with 163 floors. Adjacent to Burj Khalifa is the Dubai Mall, which at the time of construction was the world's largest shopping mall.[citation needed]

Also under construction is what is planned to become Dubai's new central business district, named Business Bay. The project, when completed, will feature 500 skyscrapers built around an artificial extension of the existing Dubai Creek. [citation needed]

In February 2005, the construction of Dubai Waterfront was announced, it will be 2½ times the size of Washington, D.C., roughly seven times the size of the island of Manhattan. Dubai Waterfront will be a mix of canals and islands full of hotels and residential areas that will add 800 km (500 mi) of man-made waterfront. It will also contain Al Burj, another one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Dubai has also launched Dubai Science Park (previously DuBiotech and merged with EnPark). This is a new business park to be targeted at biotechnology companies working in pharmaceuticals, medical fields, genetic research and biodefense.

One of Dubai's plans in 2006 was for a 30-story, 200-apartment skyscraper that will slowly rotate at its base, making a 360-degree revolution once a week. The world's first rotating skyscraper was to be in the center of the Dubailand complex.[36]

There are over 300 stores in the Gold Souk.

The International Media Production Zone is a project targeted at creating a hub for printers, publishers, media production companies, and related industry segments. Launched in 2003, the project was scheduled to be completed in 2006.

In May 2006 the Bawadi was announced, with a planned 27 billion US-dollar investment intended to increase Dubai's number of hotel rooms by 29,000, doubling it from the current figure offers now. The largest complex was to be called "Asia, Asia" and was planned to be the largest hotel in the world with more than 6,500 rooms.[citation needed]

The first villa freehold properties that were occupied by non-UAE nationals were The Meadows, The Springs, and The Lakes (high-end neighborhoods designed by Emaar Properties, collectively called Emirates Hills).

Expatriates of various nationalities brought capital into Dubai in the early 2000s. Iranian expatriates were estimated to have invested up to $200 billion in Dubai.[37] From 2005 to 2009, trade between Dubai and Iran tripled to $12 billion.[38]

Dubai nationals have also purchased real estate in New York City and London. Purchases in 2005 included New York's 230 Park Avenue (formerly known as the New York Central Building or the Helmsley Building) and Essex House on Central Park South.[39]

The Dubai property boom of the mid-2000s peaked in 2008 and plummeted in a wave of activity that saw large-scale projects, including partially completed properties, abandoned. Many developers failed, while others, including those with government backing, entered into debt-restructuring deals with their lenders. By 2012 the market began picking up steam again. 2013 was a stellar year with prices accelerating significantly, however, the government and industry players began putting in place measures that would safeguard against another bubble developing. One notable difference is the number of cash buyers compared to those in previous years who borrowed heavily. Part of the reason for the current cash surge is the influx of investment from troubled countries.[40]

In September 2013, the Dubai Land Department increased property transfer fees from 2 to 4%.[41] In early 2014 the government regulator imposed restrictions on outside-companies acquiring real estate in the emirate, insisting such companies had to have a presence in Dubai, and had to be owned by a natural person or persons, and not by another company. The measures were largely seen as a means to dampen speculation in property prices.[42]

Major real estate companies in Dubai actively attract new investors from abroad, concluding partnerships with real estate portals and investment foundations. In 2018, Ellington Properties signed a partnership with Beike, one of the major China real estate listing portals. As per the agreement, Beike "will build awareness of Ellingtons premium Dubai real estate offering to Chinese investors"[43]

In July 2019, more than 500 people lost their jobs following an economic downfall observed in the second quarter of 2019, following which Jumeirah Group LLC implemented job cuts. Dubai's economy weighs in on its tourism sector. Hotel occupancy fell to 67% in the second quarter of 2019, the lowest second-quarter occupancy since 2009.[44] JLL predicted at the time that "further declines in performance are expected over the next 12 months before the hotel market recovers on the back of strong visitor arrivals growth associated with Expo 2020."[45]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, real estate prices and overall demand for property dropped in 2020. Cavendish Maxwell, a realty consultancy, found that apartment prices in Dubai fell 12% from Q1 2019 to Q1 2020.[46] In contrast, the estate agent firm Chestertons saw the rental market perform better, with an average decrease of only 1.5% in apartment rental prices in Q1 2020.[47]

In January 2023, it was reported that Dubai's property transactions hit a record high by the end of 2022, which surpassed the records of the year 2009. The hike was said to be partly a result of Dubai capitalizing on the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Waves of Russian nationals were said to have flooded Dubai to reside and invest their capital into the Emirates property market, safeguarding it from international sanctions. Hussain Sajwani, Chairman of DAMAC claimed that an estimated 15% of his customers constituted of Russian nationals.[48]

Property prices in Dubai increased following the February 2022 Ukraine invasion, as wealthy Russian nationals started making high investments in the Emirati real estate. The EU Tax Observatory and Norway's Centre for Tax Research revealed that Russian Investment in Dubai's developing and in-development properties since 2022 was around $6.3 billion. Knight Frank claimed that Dubai property prices increased 124% since 2020. Real estate experts revealed that rising property prices forced British expatriates to search property somewhere else, including nearby places like Ras Al Khaimah.[49]

In February 2025, it was asserted that Dubai could face issues as its popularity led to increasing tourist arrivals and growing population in the state. There was a record hike in real estate transactions and in bookings on the Emirates airline. Consequently, the congestion in Dubai worsened and property prices also went up. In 2024, rental prices increased by 20% in some key resident areas. Thomas Edelmann, managing director of the RoadSafetyUAE, said convincing and getting people to Dubai is easier than building the new intersection or highways.[50]

Transport

[edit]

The transport sector is one of the main drivers of economic growth in Dubai.[51] The value of the transport and storage sector reached $12.5 billion in 2017, accounting for 11.2% of Dubai's economy.[52][53]

In 2018, the sector was the second-largest contributor to the total GDP, contributing $48.8 billion to GDP - 12.3% of the total GDP, an increase of 2.1% from $47.7 billion in 2017.[51]

Construction

[edit]

Since 2000, Dubai's municipality has initiated construction phases in the city, predominantly in the Mina Seyahi area, located further from Jumeirah, towards Jebel Ali.[54] This has come at a cost however. Dubai ( and UAE ) construction companies employ low-wage labourers from Asia for up to 12 hours a day, six or seven days a week.[55] These workers often have their passports withheld and are threatened if they speak to media. During the 1990s and 2000s, many workers staged protests and those who were expats were deported.[56][57]

In 2002 a change was made to the law allowing non-nationals of the UAE to own property (not land) in Dubai as fee simple, and 99-year leases are sold to people with ownership remaining with private companies. Property companies include Nakheel Properties, Emaar Properties and Ellington Properties. Rent rises were capped at 7% per annum up to 2007 under a directive from Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Legislation in this area is still developing as the property market for foreigners is relatively new.

Property prices in Dubai have experienced a downfall since 2014. A difference of more than 25 percent has been noted. More than two-year ago Dubai's Creek Tower construction started, but no completion date is in sight yet. A cutback on the construction project has come into the scene since followed by realty developers postponing supplier payments. Consultancy firms like JLL cite the falling property prices to continue in 2019.[58] Despite the economic slump and a relatively slower growth expectation, the estimated cost of Expo 2020 construction has reached AED38 billion ($10.3 billion).[59]

Information and communication technology

[edit]

The information and communications technology (ICT) sector accounted for 4.1% of Dubai's real GDP in 2018.[60]

Diamonds

[edit]

Dubai is one of the world's largest diamond trading hubs alongside Antwerp.[61][62][63] It handled in $35 billion worth of rough and polished diamonds in 2010, a surge from $3 million a decade earlier.[64][65] In the first half of 2011, Dubai traded $25.3 billion, a 55% rise from the first half of 2010.[66][67]

Dubai Marina Mall interior

Dubai has become the world's third largest diamond trading hub, with trade of rough and cut diamonds increasing since 2001. The emirate's diamond trade was virtually nonexistent at the beginning of the 2000s, but was worth nearly $35 billion in 2013 and 2014.[68] The emirate has been able to leverage off its geographical position between major supplies of mined diamonds in Africa, to the main cutting centres in India and further east in China. There is also a perception of Dubai as a buying hub for consumers of diamonds jewellery, due to the large number of jewellers in the emirate and the tax-free business regime.[68] The customs duties of 1% in 2011 contributed to the UAE's competing with traditional diamond centers.[22] In 2018, the UAE rolled back the 5% value added tax (VAT) for wholesale diamond investors.[69][70][71]

The diamond trading takes on an exchange managed by the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre, with many of the industry participants housed in office space in the Almas Tower in the JLT business cluster.[72] Facilities there include Kimberley Process Certification offices and access to secure transportation agencies such as Brinks and Transguard, in addition to networking and meeting rooms.[73][unreliable source?] The DMCC houses over a thousand precious stone companies, both Emirati and foreign.[74][75][76]

In September 2019, the Dubai Multi Commodities Center launched the world's largest trading floor, with 41 fully-secured tables and high-level security measures, at the Dubai Diamond Exchange (DDE) in the Almas Tower.[22]

Right after the UAE-Israeli accord, Israeli diamond trader Zvi Shimshi launched a company in Dubai and 37 other Israeli contacted the DMCC to establish a presence in Dubai.[77] Later in 2020, the DMCC launched a representative outpost in the Israel Diamond Exchange (IDE) to strengthen trading relations between the two markets and help Israeli businesses establish a presence in Dubai.[78]  

Gold

[edit]

Trade in gold grew during the 1940s due to Dubai's free trade policies that encouraged entrepreneurs from India and Iran to set up stores in the Dubai Gold Souk. Despite a general slump in the global gold market, Dubai's share of value of trade in gold and diamonds to its total non-oil direct trade increased from 18% in 2003, to 24% in 2004. In 2003, the value of trade in gold in Dubai was approximately Dh. 21 billion (US$5.8 billion), while trade in diamonds was approximately Dh. 25 billion (US$7 billion) in 2005. India is Dubai's largest buyer of gold, accounting for approximately 23% of the emirate's total gold trade in 2005. Switzerland was Dubai's largest supplier of gold ingots, wastes and scrap. Similarly, India accounted for approximately 68% of all diamond-related trade in Dubai; Belgium's share in Dubai's diamond trade was about 13% (2005).[79]

In 2014, Dubai, accounted for about 25% of the world's annual gold trade, competing with Shanghai and London.[80]

A June 2019 report by The Wall Street Journal reported, the government of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro sold 7.4 tons of gold ingots, worth $300 million through illicit channels to evade United States sanctions. In March 2019, the billions passed through African Gold Refinery (AGR) in Uganda, and were later exported to Dubai.[81]

A Reuters investigation in 2019 revealed that billions of dollars' worth of gold was smuggled from Africa to Dubai.[82][83] As per customs data retrieved by Reuters, the UAE imported $15.1 billion worth of gold from Africa in 2016, a surge from $1.3 billion in 2006. However, much of the exported gold was not recorded by African states.[83]

The London Bullion Market Association (LMBA) threatened in a Nov. 2020 letter to ban countries with large gold markets, including the UAE, from entering the mainstream market if they fail to meet regulatory standards.[84] While the letter did not specify a center, four people involved in drafting it said its main focus was the gold industry in Dubai.[84]

The UAE became a major trade hub for Russian gold, following the international sanctions affecting Moscow's export routes. The largest handlers of Russian Gold exports to the UAE was a Dubai subsidiary of French Logistics, Temis Luxury Middle East. It imported 15.6 tonnes valued at $863 million midway of 24 February 2022 and 3 March 2023. Other largest handlers of gold shipped in the UAE in the year to 3 March 2023 included Shams Gold Trading with 8 tonnes, Privilege Group DMCC with 7.5 tonnes, Al Aseel Jewellery LLC with 5.3 tonnes and Paloma Precious DMC with 5.1 tonnes.[85]

Industry and manufacturing

[edit]

Dubai is also home to some significant industrial ventures in energy production through DEWA,[86] although this is primarily water and power production for Dubai. In the aluminum industry Emirates Global Aluminum produces 2.4 million tonnes of aluminum per year (~$3.8B USD in revenue). Investments were made in car manufacturing with Zarooq Motors; the start of UAE car industry. Production and sales were due to begin in 2016 but seem to have run into some trouble insofar as no cars have actually been manufactured.[87] Dubai Ports is also an example of industrialization in Dubai.

Foreign investment

[edit]

In 2002, Dubai allowed foreigners to own real estate, and the global real estate consulting firm Jones Lang LaSalle named Dubai, along with Dublin and Las Vegas, its "World Winning City," a research program aimed at identifying the future's most attractive property markets.[88]

Dubai's Department of Economic Development issued on June 3, 2021 guidelines stating that it was no longer compulsory for foreign investors to have Emirati partners or specify a quota ratio for them, which means that foreigners have been allowed full ownership of businesses in Dubai, in order to boost the economy after the COVID-19 recession.[89][90] As soon as the decision was issued in June 2021, investors in Dubai took advantage of it.[89][91][90]

COVID-19 impact

[edit]

Capital Economics, a UK-based consultancy firm, described Dubai as "the most vulnerable of the economies in the Middle East and North Africa to the economic damage from such (lockdown) measures" and speculated that the emirate's economy would "contract by at least 5-6%" in 2020 if the measures were still in force until the summer.[92]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to several years of declining revenues for Dubai's most important sectors.[92]

In April 2020, an estimate of 70% of Dubai's companies expected to go out of business by November 2020 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, according to a survey by the Dubai Chamber of Commerce.[93] Half of the restaurants and hotels included in the survey, as well as about 74% of travel and tourism companies and 30% of transport, storage, and communications companies, expected to go out of business within a month.[93]

Expo 2020, which was expected to attract 25 million visitors to Dubai, stimulate the economy, and mark the start of 50 years of achievements, was postponed to Oct. 1, 2021 due to the pandemic and associated travel restrictions.[94]

See also

[edit]
  • Dubai World
  • Economy of the United Arab Emirates
  • Human rights in the United Arab Emirates
  • The National Sukuk Program

References

[edit]
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  56. ^ Whitaker, Brian (23 March 2006). "Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
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  64. ^ "Dubai's diamond trade sees massive surge". Arabian Business.
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[edit]
  • Media related to Economy of Dubai at Wikimedia Commons
  • UAE Banking Digest

 

 

Geography of United Arab Emirates
Continent Asia
Region Middle East
Coordinates 24°N 54°E / 24°N 54°E / 24; 54
Area Ranked 114th
 • Total 83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi)
 • Land 100%
 • Water 0%
Coastline 1,318 km (819 mi)
Borders total: 867 km (539 mi)
Highest point Jebel Jais
1,892 m (6,207 ft)[1]
Lowest point Persian Gulf
0 m
Longest river None
Largest lake Lake Zakher
Climate arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Terrain mountainous and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
Natural resources petroleum, natural gas, marine resources
Natural hazards haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
Environmental issues limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
Exclusive economic zone 58,218 km2 (22,478 mi2)

The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East and West Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is at a strategic location along the northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil.[2] The UAE lies between 22°50′ and 26° north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude.[3] It shares a 19 km (12 mi) border with Qatar on the northwest, a 530 km (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450 km (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast.[3]

The land border with Qatar in the Khor Al Adaid area is a source of long-running dispute[3] (in fact, whether it even shares a land border with Qatar is in dispute). The total area of the UAE is approximately 83,600 square kilometres (32,300 square miles).[2] The country's exact size is unknown because of disputed claims to several islands in the Persian Gulf, because of the lack of precise information on the size of many of these islands, and because most of its land boundaries, especially with Saudi Arabia, remain undemarcated.[3] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87 percent of the UAE's total area (72,732 km2 (28,082 sq mi)).[3] The smallest emirate, Ajman, encompasses only 259 km2 (100 sq mi).[3]

Boundaries

[edit]
Topography of the UAE

The UAE stretches for more than 650 km (400 miles) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf.[3] Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend far inland.[3] A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 637 km2 of tidal flats in the United Arab Emirates, making it the 40th ranked country in terms of tidal flat extent.[4] The largest natural harbor is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.[3] Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar.[3] The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation.[3] Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore.[3]

These northern emirates on the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman are part of the Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert ecoregion.[5]

South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.[3] The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation.[3] The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia, and about 200 km (120 miles) to the northeast is Al Buraymi Oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border.[3]

Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to pre-empt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation.[3] In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British intervention, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent.[3] The most complicated borders were in the Western Mountains, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.[3]

Mountains

[edit]

The UAE also extends for about 90 km (56 miles) along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as Al-Batinah coast.[3] The Western Hajar Mountains (Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Al-Gharbī), rising in places to 2,500 m (8,200 ft), separate Al-Batinah coast from the rest of the UAE.[3] Beginning at the UAE-Oman border on the Persian Gulf coast of the Ras Musandam (Musandam Peninsula), the Western Mountains extend southeastward for about 150 km (93 miles) to the southernmost UAE-Oman frontier on the Gulf of Oman.[3] The range continues as the Eastern Hajar Mountains (Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Ash-Sharqī) for more than 500 km (310 miles) into Oman.[3] The steep mountain slopes run directly to the shore in many places.[3] Nevertheless, there are small harbors at Dibba Al-Hisn, Kalba, and Khor Fakkan on the Gulf of Oman.[3] In the vicinity of Fujairah, where the mountains do not approach the coast, there are sandy beaches.[3]

Climate

[edit]
United Arab Emirates is the second most water stressed country in the world.

The climate of the UAE generally is very hot and sunny.[3] The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above 48 °C (118.4 °F) on the coastal plain.[3] In the Western Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably cooler, a result of increased altitude.[3] Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 °C (50.0 and 57.2 °F).[3] During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as the sharqi makes the coastal region especially unpleasant.[3] The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in).[3] Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the summer months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds.[3] The region is prone to occasional, violent dust storms, which can severely reduce visibility.[3] The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras Al Khaimah has experienced snow only four times (2004, 2009, 2017 and 2020) since records began.[6][7]

Climate data for Dubai (1977–2015 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2)
37.5
(99.5)
41.3
(106.3)
43.5
(110.3)
47.0
(116.6)
47.9
(118.2)
48.5
(119.3)
48.8
(119.8)
45.1
(113.2)
42.4
(108.3)
38.0
(100.4)
33.2
(91.8)
48.8
(119.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.9
(75.0)
25.4
(77.7)
28.9
(84.0)
33.3
(91.9)
37.7
(99.9)
39.8
(103.6)
40.9
(105.6)
41.3
(106.3)
38.9
(102.0)
35.4
(95.7)
30.6
(87.1)
26.2
(79.2)
33.5
(92.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)
20.5
(68.9)
23.6
(74.5)
27.5
(81.5)
31.4
(88.5)
33.4
(92.1)
35.5
(95.9)
35.9
(96.6)
33.3
(91.9)
29.8
(85.6)
25.4
(77.7)
21.2
(70.2)
28.1
(82.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7)
15.5
(59.9)
18.3
(64.9)
21.7
(71.1)
25.1
(77.2)
27.3
(81.1)
30.0
(86.0)
30.4
(86.7)
27.7
(81.9)
24.1
(75.4)
20.1
(68.2)
16.3
(61.3)
22.6
(72.6)
Record low °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)
7.4
(45.3)
11.0
(51.8)
13.7
(56.7)
15.7
(60.3)
21.3
(70.3)
24.1
(75.4)
24.0
(75.2)
22.0
(71.6)
15.0
(59.0)
10.8
(51.4)
8.2
(46.8)
7.4
(45.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 18.8
(0.74)
25.0
(0.98)
22.1
(0.87)
7.2
(0.28)
0.4
(0.02)
0.0
(0.0)
0.8
(0.03)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
1.1
(0.04)
2.7
(0.11)
16.2
(0.64)
94.3
(3.71)
Average precipitation days 5.5 4.7 5.8 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 3.8 25.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 251 241 270 306 350 345 332 326 309 307 279 254 3,570
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.1 8.6 8.7 10.2 11.3 11.5 10.7 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.3 8.2 9.8
Source 1: Dubai Meteorological Office[8]
Source 2: UAE National Center of Meteorology[9]
Climate data for Abu Dhabi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.7
(92.7)
38.1
(100.6)
43.0
(109.4)
44.7
(112.5)
46.9
(116.4)
48.8
(119.8)
52.7
(126.9)
49.2
(120.6)
47.7
(117.9)
43.0
(109.4)
38.0
(100.4)
33.4
(92.1)
52.7
(126.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4)
26.0
(78.8)
29.5
(85.1)
34.5
(94.1)
39.3
(102.7)
40.8
(105.4)
42.1
(107.8)
42.7
(108.9)
40.4
(104.7)
36.5
(97.7)
31.1
(88.0)
26.3
(79.3)
34.4
(94.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8)
19.6
(67.3)
22.6
(72.7)
26.4
(79.5)
31.2
(88.2)
33.0
(91.4)
34.9
(94.8)
35.3
(95.5)
32.7
(90.9)
29.1
(84.4)
24.5
(76.1)
20.8
(69.4)
27.4
(81.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8)
14.6
(58.3)
17.5
(63.5)
20.8
(69.4)
23.8
(74.8)
26.1
(79.0)
28.8
(83.8)
29.5
(85.1)
26.6
(79.9)
23.2
(73.8)
18.7
(65.7)
15.8
(60.4)
21.5
(70.8)
Record low °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4)
5.0
(41.0)
8.4
(47.1)
11.2
(52.2)
16.0
(60.8)
19.8
(67.6)
22.2
(72.0)
23.8
(74.8)
19.0
(66.2)
12.0
(53.6)
10.5
(50.9)
7.1
(44.8)
5.0
(41.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.0
(0.28)
21.2
(0.83)
14.5
(0.57)
6.1
(0.24)
1.3
(0.05)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.5
(0.06)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.3
(0.01)
5.2
(0.20)
57.1
(2.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.2 2.8 2.8 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.5 9.9
Average relative humidity (%) 68 67 63 58 55 60 61 63 64 65 65 68 63
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54)
12
(54)
12
(54)
14
(57)
16
(61)
20
(68)
22
(72)
21
(70)
22
(72)
19
(66)
16
(61)
13
(55)
17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 246.1 232.6 251.1 280.5 342.2 336.9 314.2 307.5 302.4 304.7 286.6 257.6 3,462.4
Source 1: NOAA (1971–1991)[10]
Source 2: Climate Yearly Report (2003-2020)[11]

Source 3: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 2005-2015)[12]

Flora and fauna

[edit]

Date palms, as well as acacia and eucalyptus trees, are commonly found growing at the region's oases. Within the desert itself, the flora is much more sparse and primarily consists of grasses and thornbushes.

The region's indigenous fauna had previously come close to extinction due to intensive hunting, which led to a 1970s conservation program on the Bani Yas island by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan; this resulted in the survival of Arabian oryxes and leopards, among others.[13] The region's coastal fish consist mainly of mackerel, perch and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.

Area and land boundaries

[edit]
Sand Dunes on the outskirts of Liwa Oasis in the western region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi

Area:

  • Total: 83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi)[2]
  • Land: 83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi)[2]
  • Water: 0 km2[2]

Land boundaries:

  • Total: 1,066 km (662 miles)[2]
  • Border countries: Oman 609 km (378 miles); Saudi Arabia 457 km (284 miles)[2]

Coastline: 1,318 km (819 miles)[2]

Maritime claims:

  • Contiguous zone: 24 nmi (27.6 mi; 44.4 km)[2]
  • Continental shelf: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km) or to the edge of the continental margin[2]
  • Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (230.2 mi; 370.4 km)[2]
  • Territorial sea: 12 nmi (13.8 mi; 22.2 km)[2]

Elevation extremes:

  • Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m[2]
  • Highest point: Jebel Jais 1,934 m (6,345 ft)[a][2]

Resources and land use

[edit]
  • Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas[2]
  • Land use:[2]
    • Arable land: 0.5%
    • Permanent crops: 0.5%
    • Permanent pasture: 3.6%
    • Forest: 4.5%[16]
    • Other: 91.6% (2018)
    • Irrigated land: 923 km2 (356 sq mi) (2012)
  • Total renewable water resources: 150,000,000 cubic metres (5.3×109 cu ft)[2]

Environmental concerns

[edit]
  • Natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms[2]
  • Environment - current issues: air pollution; rapid population growth and high energy demand contribute to water scarcity; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills[2]
  • Environment - international agreements: party to:
    • Biodiversity, Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,[clarification needed] Wetlands[clarification needed][2]
    • Signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea[2]

See also

[edit]
  • List of United Arab Emirates-related topics
    • Geography of Dubai

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jebel Jais is the highest mountain in the UAE with a height of 1,934 m (6,345 ft), but because its peak is in Oman, Jebel Yibir or Mebrah has the highest peak[14][15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Feulner, Gary R. (2023). "The Mountain Regions of the United Arab Emirates: An Ecosystem Perspective". In Burt, John A. (ed.). A Natural History of the Emirates. p. 161. ISBN 9783031373978.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "United Arab Emirates". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. August 23, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Hooglund, Eric; Toth, Anthony (1994). "United Arab Emirates: Geography". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Persian Gulf states: country studies (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 204–208. ISBN 0-8444-0793-3. OCLC 29548413. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.cite encyclopedia: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019). "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats". Nature. 565 (7738): 222–225. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8. PMID 30568300. S2CID 56481043.
  5. ^ "Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  6. ^ Nasouh Nazzal (2009-01-24). "Heavy snowfall on Ras Al Khaimah's Jebel Jais mountain cluster". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  7. ^ "Watch: Snowfall in UAE, temperature hits -2.2 degree". Khaleej Times. 2017-02-04. Archived from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  8. ^ "Climate (Average Temperatures:1977–2015;Precipitation:1967-2009)". Dubai Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  9. ^ "Climate Yearly Report 2003–2018". UAE National Center of Meteorology NCM. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Climate Normals for Abu Dhabi". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  11. ^ "Climate Yearly Report Abu Dhabi International Airport". UAE National Center of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages at Abu Dhabi Bateen Airport weather station (41216)". Time and Date. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  13. ^ Ebrahimi, Soraya. "Scientists ensure survival of Arabian oryx". The National News. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  14. ^ "Jabal Yibir". Dangerousroads.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  15. ^ "Geography of United Arab Emirates, Landforms - World Atlas". www.worldatlas.com. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  16. ^ "Forest area (% of land area) - United Arab Emirates". worldbank.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.

 

 

The earliest written record of Dubai (Dibei) is accredited to Muhammad al-Idrisi, who mapped the coast of the UAE in the tenth century AD. Circa 1580, the state jeweler of Venice, Gasparo Balbi, documented the pearling industry of Dubai and other cities currently presiding in UAE territory.[1] Though traditionally conservative, the UAE is one of the most liberal countries in the Gulf, with other cultures and beliefs generally tolerated. Politically it remains authoritarian, however, relations with neighbouring Iran have been tense because of an ongoing territorial dispute over Gulf islands. The UAE was one of only three countries to recognise Taliban rule in Afghanistan.

Before oil was discovered in the 1950s the UAE's economy was dependent on fishing and a declining pearl industry. But since oil exports began in 1962, the country's society and economy have been transformed. The UAE has diversified and has become a regional trading and tourism hub, with UAE firms having invested heavily abroad.[2]

Early history

[edit]

7000 BCE – 7th Century

[edit]

Records of the area where the emirate and city of Dubai is situated are very rare for any period before the 18th century.[3]

During the expansion of the Sheikh Zayed Road between 1993 and 1998, remnants of a mangrove swamp were uncovered which were dated to approximately 7000 BCE.[4] It is thought that by about 3000 BCE, the coastline had moved seaward sufficiently towards the present-day coastline and the area became covered in sand.[5]

As it became more inhabitable, nomadic cattle herders used the area to live and herd in.[6][unreliable source?] The date palm began to be grown locally in 2500 BCE, and was the first instance of the land being used for agricultural purposes.[7] The herders worshipped the god Bajir[8][unreliable source?] and various evidence suggests links to the mysterious Magan civilization, who it is thought controlled the copper trade of this part of the ancient world, and of which there are archaeological sites in Bahrain.[7]

For the next about 2000–2700 years there are no more details, probably because of the desertification, insignificance, and remoteness of the area, until the area came part of the "Maka" satrapy, the southernmost satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, and followed by the Sassanian Empire, the last pre-Islamic Iranian Empire,[9] several hundred years later in the 3rd century CE.[10] Recent excavations of the Jumeirah area of Dubai have unearthed a 6th-century caravan station[11][12] suggesting the area was sparsely inhabited during this period.

7th century – 19th century

[edit]
Al Fahidi Fort in Dubai in the late 1950s, built in 1787
Al Fahidi Fort today. Al Fahidi Fort is the oldest existing building in Dubai.

The Umayyads introduced Islam to the area in the 7th century[13] and sparked the vitalization of the area, opening up trade routes supported by fishing and pearl diving to eastern regions such as modern-day Pakistan and India, with reports of ships travelling as far as China to trade.[14] The earliest written mention of the area of Dubai was in 1095, by Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī, in his Mojam Ma Ostojam men Asmae Al belaad wal Mawadhea,[15] in which he describes many places of the world compiled from other accounts of them.[16] It was not until 1799 that the town had its first record.[17] However, the Venetian Gasparo Balbi, a renowned pearl merchant, mentioned "Dibai" in a list of places he noted for the exceptional quality of their pearls in the year 1590.[18]

History

[edit]

1800–1966

[edit]
Sheikh Juma Al Maktoum (left) and Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum Al Maktoum (right) of the Maktoum family

1800–1912

[edit]

In the early 19th century, the Al Abu Falasa dynasty (part of the House of Al-Falasi)[19] of the Bani Yas tribe established Dubai, which remained a dependent of Abu Dhabi until 1833.[20] On 8 January 1820, the Sheikh of Dubai and other sheikhs in the region signed the "General Maritime Peace Treaty" with the British government, which aimed to suppress piracy in the region and was the first formal denunciation of the Arab slave trade in Emirati history.[20] However, in 1833 the Al Maktoum dynasty (also descendants of the House of Al-Falasi) of the Bani Yas tribe left the settlement of Abu Dhabi and took over Dubai from the Abu Falasa clan without resistance, led by Maktoum bin Butti,[21] the founder of the present day al-Maktoum dynasty. In 1841 the town was hit by a devastating smallpox outbreak which forced many to relocate east to the town of Deira, Dubai.[22]

In 1853, in an attempt to further halt the endemic piracy in the region, the British signed another truce, agreeing to stay out of administration of the region in return for the sheikhs agreeing to suppress piracy. This also had the side effect of the area becoming known as the Trucial States.[23][unreliable source?] In 1894 a fire swept through Deira, burning down most of the homes;[24] however, perfect geographical positioning and thriving business enabled the rebuilding of the city. The success of the area led Sheikh Maktoum to sign an exclusive business deal with the British in 1892, making Dubai a British protectorate, and in 1894 granted full tax exemption for all foreign traders.[25] By 1903, the Sheikh had succeeded in convincing a major British steamship line to make Dubai a port of call. Merchants from Lingah looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai. They continued to trade with Lingah, however, as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today, and they named their district Bastakiya, after the Bastak region in southern Persia.[26] At this time, almost a quarter of the population was of non-Emirati origin.[27]

1912–1944

[edit]

After various rulers, Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum who became Ruler in 1912,[28] was the first Ruler to rule for a substantial period of time and is regarded by many as one of the fathers of Dubai.[29] The times of prosperity thanks to the pearl industry continued solidly through until the Great Depression of 1929.[citation needed] The emergence of artificial pearls had begun to hit the economy of Dubai, and coupled with the effects of the depression caused the Sheikh to explore other opportunities for expansion.[30] In 1929, he was briefly deposed and succeeded by Sheikh Mani bin Rashid, a relative;[31] however, three days later he was restored to the throne and ruled until his death. This resulted in the emergence of Dubai as the premier re-export business port, whereby goods are imported into a duty-free port and immediately exported to another market.[32]

Dubai has the main entrepôt in the Persian Gulf and the busiest trading port since 1900, with commerce being the main source of revenue for the emirate.[citation needed] The merchant class in Dubai played a key role in restructuring the economy and government decision-making in the pre-oil era of Dubai's development. Today merchants play a fundamental role in economic affairs and the political structure. In addition, again they have taken on roles as service suppliers, urban planners, culture mediators, and internationalists representing the region throughout the world.[33]

Dubai suffered economically after 1920 due to the collapse of the pearl industry, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the loss of extensive trade networks during World War II. Until the surge of oil revenues in the late 1960s, political instability and merchant unrest existed and constituted an organized attempt to subvert British influence and the ruling Al-Maktoum family. The uprising of 1938 in Dubai was the culmination of a decade of grievances and minor rebellions against the autocratic rule of Shaykh Sa'id bin Maktum (ruled 1912–58). In the 1930s the Trucial Coast was characterized by great poverty resulting primarily from a decline in the pearl trade. Much of the initiative for reform sprang from an attempt to ameliorate economic conditions—the leaders of the movement having previously been successful pearl merchants. The new government established in October 1938 lasted only a few months before Shaykh Sa'id with Bedouin support was able to overthrow it in March 1939. The reform movement ultimately collapsed due to opposition from the British government and the weakness of the political structures then in place.[34]

1945–1958

[edit]

A dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi regarding their border escalated into armed conflict between the two states, with Dubai attacking a number of Abu Dhabi towns in the country's interior. Arbitration by the British government in 1949 resulted in the creation of a buffer frontier running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian. A formal compromise was not reached until 1979, eight years after the creation of the UAE.

1958–1966

[edit]

In 1958, upon the death of Saeed bin Maktoum Al Maktoum,[35] Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum became Ruler. Rashid al Maktoum is widely regarded as the driving force behind the expansion of Dubai, causing its massive expansion, with the aid of the discovery of oil.[36][37] He embarked on a dredging of Dubai Creek in 1963, as the creek was too small for modern ships to dock there, which caused severe negative economic effects.[38] He borrowed huge amounts of money to pull off the dredging, which was highly risky as the money necessary to complete it was far higher than Dubai's annual income.[38] The dredging was a success, which enabled vessels of any size to dock at the port.[39] This caused the gold re-export market to take off, and ensuring Rashid was able to begin the building of vital infrastructure in partnership with the British.[40][unreliable source?] Since the beginning, Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi. In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on their northern border erupted into war between the two states[41][42] and forced the involvement of the British government and the subsequent creation of a buffer zone which resulted in a temporary ceasefire.[43] However, border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation of the UAE and it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached that ended hostilities between the two states,[44] by allowing Abu Dhabi the control of the rest of the UAE, while leaving Dubai to rule many of its own affairs, especially when related to trade.

1966–present day

[edit]

Discovery of oil

[edit]

The major turning point in the history and fortunes of Dubai was the discovery of oil in 1966.[45] Coupled with the joining of the newly independent country of Qatar and Dubai to create a new currency, the Riyal,[46] after the devaluation of the Persian Gulf rupee which had been issued by the Government of India,[47] it enabled Dubai to rapidly expand and grow. Once the first shipment of oil was made in 1969, the future of Dubai as an autonomous state was secured,[48] and its ability to dictate policy in later years to the UAE was cemented.

Formation of the UAE

[edit]

Britain left the Persian Gulf in the early part of 1971, having announced their intentions in 1968, causing Dubai and Abu-Dhabi, in conjunction with five other emirates to form the United Arab Emirates.[49] Dubai and Abu-Dhabi ensured in the negotiations that between them they could control the country effectively, enabling even greater expansion as seen today. In 1973, Dubai joined the other emirates, in introducing the UAE dirham, the uniform currency of the UAE.[50] Dubai and Abu Dhabi between them now hold the majority of control in the UAE, which was part of their conditions for joining. To enable this, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only emirates who have veto power over matters of national importance, whereas the other emirates only have a vote on such matters.[51] In addition to this, Dubai is represented by eight members on the Federal National Council, of whom there are forty in total.[52] Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only two states who retain their own judicial courts, whilst the others are part of the federal justice system of the UAE.[53] The Jebel Ali Free Zone was introduced in 1979, providing companies with unrestricted import of labour and export of capital, which helped to jumpstart the influx of global companies seen today.[54]

1990–present day

[edit]
The current Emir, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

The death of Sheikh Rashid al-Maktoum resulted in Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum to the throne. The Persian Gulf War of 1990, in which Dubai as part of the UAE provided military aid to the coalition, unsettled the economy;[55] however, in the mid-1990s this stabilised and many foreign trading communities moved their businesses to Dubai. Dubai continued to foster political alignment with the western world, and during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, they provided refueling bases to allied forces in the Jebel Ali Free Zone as they did during the Persian Gulf War.[56]

Global increases in oil prices allowed Dubai to focus on rapid development of key infrastructure. The success of the Jebel Ali free zone caused the development of clusters of new free zones, including Dubai Internet City,[57] an internet technology area with ownership and tax related benefits, Dubai Media City,[58] a tax-free zone to increase Dubai's presence in the worldwide media, and Dubai Maritime City,[59] which will have many facilities, including waterfronts and harbours. In the past decades, Dubai has become known for its successful building projects, including the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest freestanding hotel,[60] The Palm Islands, a construction of three artificial islands in the shape of the date palm,[citation needed] on which residential and commercial property will be built and The World Islands, a massive man-made archipelago of 300 islands in the shape of the world,[61] and Burj Khalifa, which is the world's tallest man-made structure.[62] In 2006, upon the death of Sheikh Maktoum al-Maktoum, his brother, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum became Emir, having been de facto ruler for a decade and credited with helping to force Dubai's rapid expansion.[63]

The Great Recession of the late 2000s hit the economy of Dubai extremely hard;[64][65] this was largely due to its dependence on sectors such as energy, tourism and especially real-estate, with reports of new construction slowing and in some cases stopping altogether.[66][67][68] In an effort to combat the recession, Dubai announced various tax cutting measures to incentivise businesses in the region.[69]

Dubai has also been in the news for its attitudes towards adultery, which are seen as harsh in the Western world, with some cases forcing the intervention of other governments on behalf of their citizens.[70] To keep attract foreign investors, the United Arab Emirates plans to decriminalize "actions that don't harm others," potentially ending punishments for alcohol consumption or cohabitation by unwed couples in the expatriate-dominated country.[71]

Future

[edit]

Despite the international turmoil over the cost of oil, Dubai is already considered to be the Hong Kong of the Middle East.[72][73] When the world's oil supply runs out, Dubai would survive in a new oil-free world unlike Riyadh.[72][73] Commercial activity in the Dubai region would simply grow instead of wither because Dubai was a major trading center centuries before oil was known to even exist.[73] The emirate's trade access with Iran is similar to Hong Kong's trade with the People's Republic of China due to Iran being ostracized by the majority of the Western world.[73]

Dubai skyline, 2010

During the 21st century, Dubai may have to implement policies that move away from globalization and toward localization to conserve their energy resources, provide local jobs to citizens of the United Arab Emirates instead of foreign citizens, and maintain their local decision-making authority. Zoning policies would be adjusted by Dubai's municipal government to promote resource conservation and eliminate sprawl.[74][75]

The last remaining oil deposits in the United Arab Emirates will run out at the end of 2029.[citation needed]. As of February 2006, Dubai (along with the rest of the United Arab Emirates) only has a reserve supply of 44 billion barrels of crude petroleum.[76] If used properly and in conjunction with alternate fuels, the reserve fuels that will keep economy activity afloat in Dubai will last until the end of the 21st century.[77]

Disputes

[edit]

In addition to the long running dispute between Abu-Dhabi and Dubai, Dubai was also involved in a dispute with Sharjah with regards to their legal boundaries.[when?] Before the British left, there were no exact boundaries defined between the Trucial States; however, with the discovery of oil needing boundaries to be decided for concession reasons, Britain was required to define the boundaries. After Julian Walker, a British official (later the British political agent) had surveyed the area, Mr. Tripp, the British political agent, made declarations between 1956 and 1957 defining the boundaries. Although the rulers of both Dubai and Sharjah had agreed in 1954 to accept the rulings made, Dubai's ruler declined to accept the decision. Even after the formation of the UAE, neither state had agreed on the boundaries and hence, on 30 November 1976 they signed an arbitration compromise under the auspices of the Supreme Council of the Federation.[78] Eventually, the Supreme Council ruled that the decisions were administrative, binding decisions as opposed to arbitral awards, the Tripp boundaries were defined as the border.[79]

Rulers of Dubai

[edit]
A simplified family tree of the al-Maktoum family

The following is a list of rulers of Dubai, Al-Maktoum dynasty, going back at least to 1833.[80]

  • ? – 9 June 1833 Sheikh `Ubayd ibn Said
  • 9 June 1833 – 1852 Sheikh Maktoum I bin Bati ibn Suhayl (d. 1852)
  • 1852 – 1859 Sheikh Said I ibn Bati (d. 1859)
  • 1859 – 22 November 1886 Sheikh Hushur ibn Maktoum (d. 1886)
  • 22 November 1886 – 7 April 1894 Sheikh Rashid I bin Maktoum (d. 1894)
  • 7 April 1894 – 16 February 1906 Sheikh Maktoum II bin Hushur (b. 18?? – d. 1906)
  • 16 February 1906 – November 1912 Sheikh Bati bin Suhayl (b. 1851 – d. 1912)
  • November 1912 – 15 April 1929 Sheikh Saeed II bin Maktum (1st time) (b. 1878 – d. 1958)
  • 15 April 1929 – 18 April 1929 Sheikh Mani bin Rashid
  • 18 April 1929 – September 1958 Sheikh Saeed II bin Maktum (2nd time)
  • September 1958 – 7 October 1990 Sheikh Rashid II ibn Said Al Maktoum (b. 1912 – d. 1990)
  • 7 October 1990 – 4 January 2006 Sheikh Maktoum III bin Rashid Al Maktoum (b. 1943 – d. 2006)
  • 4 January 2006–Present Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (b. 1949)

The current ruler of Dubai is Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Like his predecessor, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, he is also the Vice President and the Prime Minister of the UAE. Having attended school in the United Kingdom, he became part of the everyday running of the country. He has two wives, Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum and Princess Haya bint Al Hussein, the daughter of the King of Jordan. He is widely known for being involved with horse-racing and his charitable donations,[81] along with his credit for advancing Dubai's infrastructure and economy.

See also

[edit]
  • Timeline of Dubai

References

[edit]
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[edit]
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Reviews for Desert Buggy Rental Dubai - Dune ATV Quad Bike Safari Tours


Desert Buggy Rental Dubai - Dune ATV Quad Bike Safari Tours, AL FAHAD TOWER - OFFICE 305 - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates

gleb e

(5)

Lots of fun driving a buggy in dunes. I would recommend one of the more powerful models. We got a 1000 cc turbo model with 2 seats and it is a really fun machine. Guide Mohsen is super kind, knowledgeable, helpful and takes great photos/videos. There was a confusion regarding our buggy model, but this was resolved quickly after me pointing out the mistake. We had no accidents, so I don’t know how the company handles such situations. Keep in mind that there is no insurance which covers damages caused by the driver, so you might be liable for full price of recovery.

Desert Buggy Rental Dubai - Dune ATV Quad Bike Safari Tours, AL FAHAD TOWER - OFFICE 305 - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates

Jess Hollis

(5)

From over the phone booking to the pick up on time and the drive in the buggy this company was excellent. We booked a buggy between us and for my friend who was over from the UK it was the highlight of his stay. When we went online other companies were charging way more for the same experience so we are so lucky to have found this company. I would recommend this for anyone who wants to experience driving over the dunes.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, quad biking can be combined with desert safari, sandboarding, and camel rides.