Home Repair Services Surrey

Home Repair Services Surrey

Custom home remodeling

Imagine controlling lighting, temperature, and security with a simple voice command or a tap on your smartphone. This way, we ensure the final outcome isn't just satisfactory but exceeds your expectations. Another challenge is staying within budget. They then use this insight to create a customized design plan that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Learn more about Home Repair Services Surrey here
This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft. This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark.
Understanding your project's unique demands, Canyon Property Projects implements a tailored project management approach to ensure your renovation dreams are realized efficiently and effectively. It allows them to assess the space, take measurements, and envisage your ideas in the physical environment. They understand your kitchen isn't just a place to cook; it's the heart of your home where memories are made.
We've integrated state-of-the-art project management tools that provide you with real-time updates on your project's progress. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home renovation experience that's as unique as you are. They understand that a bathroom renovation isn't just about aesthetics but also about functionality. Wall removal services

This approach builds trust and ensures that your project aligns with your expectations and budget. Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. By engaging in various community projects and events, Canyon Property Projects shows its commitment to the place they work and live in. In essence, choosing Canyon Property means you're opting for a seamless, stress-free renovation experience delivered by a team that values your satisfaction above all. Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of professionalism and innovation in the Home Repair Services Surrey home renovation market.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Custom cabinetry

  1. Residential remodeling
  2. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  3. Fireplace remodeling
  4. Lighting upgrades
  5. Soaking tub installation
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  11. Bedroom remodeling
  12. Smart home upgrades
  13. Best renovation experts Surrey
  14. Kitchen renovation
  15. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  16. Basement finishing
  17. Kitchen cabinet replacement

We take pride in our transparency and communication. We're talking about reclaimed wood that adds character to your space, low-VOC paints that keep the air quality in your home pristine, and energy-efficient lighting that cuts down on your utility bills. We source sustainable materials, such as bamboo flooring and recycled glass countertops, to minimize environmental impact without compromising on style or durability. Whether it's integrating hidden workstations into kitchen areas or creating convertible play spaces for children, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is setting a new standard in making every square foot of your home work smarter, not harder.
Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a vibrant living space, we're here to bring those visions to life. You'll have the opportunity to review and adjust this blueprint until it's exactly what you're looking for.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Aging-in-place renovations

  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Home office renovation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Interior painting
  • Open concept renovation
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Structural renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Staircase renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
They even offer painting, flooring, and wall treatments to ensure every corner of your room reflects your personal style.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Kitchen cabinet replacement

  • Living room renovation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Home addition services
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Interior remodeling
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Porch renovation
  • Foundation repair
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Mudroom design
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Residential remodeling
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Basement suite construction
Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days. Read more about Home Repair Services Surrey here
They're not just talking about installing energy-efficient appliances or LED lighting-though that's part of it. With Canyon Property's project management excellence, you're not just renovating your home; you're enhancing your life. Our aim is to minimize disruptions to your daily life, completing the project efficiently and to the highest quality.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Luxury home remodeling Surrey

  1. Foundation repair
  2. Financing options for renovation
  3. Soundproofing renovation
  4. Mudroom design
  5. Surrey renovation project planning
  6. Residential remodeling
  7. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  8. Fireplace remodeling
  9. Lighting upgrades
  10. Soaking tub installation
  11. Basement suite construction
  12. Tile installation services
  13. Home renovation
  14. Walk-in shower installation
  15. Home improvement ideas Surrey
Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project.

Citations and other links

Home Renovation Company Home Repair Services Surrey

Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects' eco-friendly renovations firsthand. You'll find that their testimonials reflect not just satisfaction but genuine appreciation for the work done. But it doesn't stop at the interior. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're creating the space you've always dreamed of. Window replacement

It's about making your space work better for you in every possible way. This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home. You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money.

Canyon Property's commitment to eco-friendly practices without sacrificing quality was evident in every choice they made on our behalf. You're always just a call or click away from starting your home renovation journey. We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. Project management

We don't just consider the aesthetics; we think about how you'll move through your spaces, how each room connects, and how light interacts with your surroundings. You've likely noticed the buzz surrounding their innovative approach, which seamlessly blends unique design philosophies with unparalleled craftsmanship. Our team understands the importance of not only making your home look good but ensuring it functions well too.

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Basement Contractors Home Repair Services Surrey

Basement Contractors Home Repair Services Surrey

Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run. One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says. Our team specializes in custom renovations, ensuring each project is tailored to meet your specific needs and preferences. It's not just about the before and after; it's about understanding the journey between.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Project management

  • Structural renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Staircase renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Living room renovation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Home addition services
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Interior remodeling
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Porch renovation
  • Foundation repair
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Mudroom design
  • Surrey renovation project planning


We promise you a journey filled with discovery, innovation, and satisfaction at every turn. Imagine smart homes that adapt to your needs, from energy-saving heating systems to automated lighting, all controlled by your smartphone. Just as a potter shapes clay into a work of art, Canyon Property Projects crafts personalized home renovation solutions with a master's touch in Home Repair Services Surrey.

Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. You're benefiting from years of experience that span a wide range of renovation projects, big and small. They also use 3D modeling software, giving you a virtual tour of your future home before the first hammer swings.

With Canyon Property Projects, overcoming these challenges is part of the journey to creating your dream home. They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship. Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home.

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You're encouraged to share your thoughts, adjustments, and preferences, making the process truly collaborative. Our skilled workers bring the design to life, using eco-friendly materials and methods throughout. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're choosing a partner dedicated to not just achieving, but exceeding your renovation dreams. We pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and address any challenges swiftly, guaranteeing minimal disruption to your daily life. We're over the moon with the results!'Another client, Mike D., highlighted the personalized approach. 'The team didn't just offer generic solutions.

Additionally, we're now offering bespoke outdoor living solutions, from custom decks to beautifully landscaped gardens, ensuring your home's exterior is as welcoming and comfortable as its interior. Our gallery serves as a testament to what's possible when you choose Canyon Property Projects as your partner in renovation. When you choose them for your project, you're not just getting a renovation; you're getting a masterclass in precision and skill. Dust, noise, and the general disruption of your daily life are inevitable.

Having explored the unmatched craftsmanship of Canyon Property Projects Ltd., let's now focus on their bespoke renovation process, designed to bring your unique vision to life. We understand that your time and budget are precious. Our goal is to make every inch of your home work for you, ensuring it meets your lifestyle needs while also adding value. Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life.

There's a lot more to uncover about why homeowners in Home Repair Services Surrey are turning to Canyon Property Projects for their renovation needs. They're keen on understanding your vision, so they'll ask for a detailed account of what you're envisioning. With us, you're not just renovating your property; you're crafting a space that tells your story, designed exclusively for you. You won't have to juggle multiple contractors or worry about the coherence of the final result. Custom home remodeling

Creative Renovation Concepts Home Repair Services Surrey
Licensed Renovation Contractors Home Repair Services Surrey
Licensed Renovation Contractors Home Repair Services Surrey

You're kept in the loop with regular updates and clear timelines, making the renovation process as stress-free as possible. Our skilled craftsmen take pride in their work, paying close attention to every detail to ensure the final product is nothing short of perfection. You'll begin by reaching out to their team to express your interest in a home renovation or customization project. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine. From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision.

When you're tackling a home renovation or dealing with pesky plumbing issues, you want a team that not only understands the complexities of plumbing systems but also approaches each project with a solution-oriented mindset. Permit and code compliance It's not just beautiful; it's eco-conscious too!' she shared enthusiastically. You can trust them to handle every detail with precision, from securing the necessary permits to coordinating with skilled tradespeople. With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience.

Our team at Canyon Property Projects doesn't just follow the latest trends; we're setting them. Kitchen cabinet replacement You'll see a stunning array of homes that have gone from outdated or unremarkable to absolutely breathtaking. Deciding on Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation means choosing a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with excellence and precision. It's not just about the drastic changes; it's about how these renovations reflect the unique styles and needs of each homeowner.

Each photo tells a story of spaces reborn, highlighting our commitment to sustainable building practices and innovative design. They kept us in the loop at every stage, ensuring our vision was realized sustainably.' It's clear that Canyon Property doesn't just deliver on their promises; they exceed expectations, marrying customer satisfaction with ecological integrity. Water conservation is another cornerstone of our sustainable practices. Choosing us means investing in a future where home renovations go hand in hand with environmental stewardship.

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Exterior Remodeling Experts Home Repair Services Surrey

We're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only meets but surpasses environmental standards. Share your inspirations, timelines, and budget right from the start. They're not just overseers; they're your partners, dedicated to bringing your vision to life with precision and care. Imagine your kitchen, once cramped and outdated, now an expansive, state-of-the-art culinary studio where you can unleash your gourmet skills.
We're also keen on incorporating energy-efficient fixtures and appliances that save you money in the long run while protecting the environment. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail. Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming bathrooms; they're also revolutionizing kitchens into culinary paradises. Garage renovation
Their team is a blend of seasoned professionals, each bringing a wealth of experience and a keen eye for detail to your project. It's easy to get caught up in the excitement of design possibilities, but it's crucial to have a realistic budget and include a contingency fund for unexpected expenses. You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability.
They stand out in the crowded market for several compelling reasons.

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  1. Accessible home design
  2. Exterior siding replacement
  3. Home energy audit
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  8. Outdoor kitchen installation
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  10. Full-service renovation Surrey
  11. Energy-efficient renovations
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  13. Drywall installation and repair
  14. Home gym remodeling
  15. Eco-friendly renovations
  16. Home office renovation
  17. Baseboard and trim renovation
  18. Interior painting
  19. Open concept renovation
  20. Laundry room renovation
Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. It's not uncommon for renovation projects to uncover additional needs that weren't initially anticipated.

Explore Home Repair Services Surrey here
Exterior Remodeling Experts Home Repair Services Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
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Further reading

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