Surrey Basement Renovation

Surrey Basement Renovation

Vanity replacement

Following this, Canyon Property presents you with detailed plans, including 3D renderings when necessary, to give you a clear picture of the proposed transformation. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. We can help you reduce your carbon footprint and save on energy bills by integrating smart home technology, upgrading insulation, and more. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes your renovation experience.

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  • Home addition services
  • Roofing and gutters
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  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Green home remodeling
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Home office renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
Together, they make up a powerhouse team at Canyon Property Projects, dedicated to turning your renovation dreams into a reality with an unmatched level of expertise, passion, and precision. Lastly, their commitment to quality is unwavering. Learn more about Surrey Basement Renovation here
Instead, you're investing in quality workmanship that stands the test of time. For those who find weekdays challenging, they offer consultations on Saturdays by appointment. It's all about making informed decisions that align with your values. From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in.
It's this personal touch, combined with professional expertise, that makes Canyon Property the smart choice for your renovation project. Exploring the latest trends in home renovation can inspire you to customize your space with Canyon Property Projects. With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. Your space isn't just renovated; it's reborn, reflecting your unique style and needs.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that every homeowner in Surrey Basement Renovation has unique tastes and lifestyle requirements. In essence, you've shown that building community trust isn't just a byproduct of doing business; it's a deliberate and integral part of how Canyon Property Projects operates. Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. Lastly, they're harnessing the power of AI to predict and solve potential issues before they arise, streamlining the renovation process.

They've built a reputation for delivering top-notch results, all while ensuring the process is smooth and transparent. So, whatever your renovation goals, Canyon Property Projects is here to turn them into reality. This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become. After this initial consultation, Canyon will provide you with a detailed proposal.

Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. You're not just updating your space; you're reimagining it to fit your lifestyle perfectly. Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades.

We're not satisfied until every element of your renovation meets our rigorous standards and exceeds your expectations. Hardwood floor refinishing From recycled wood for flooring to non-toxic paints, Canyon Property chooses products that minimize harm to the environment. We install low-flow plumbing fixtures to reduce water usage without affecting performance.

This means your renovation can help protect the planet while also giving you a modern, eco-friendly home. Garage renovation They're ready to listen, advise, and work with you to achieve your dream space.

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  • Exterior home renovation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
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  • Garage renovation
  • Open concept renovation
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  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Home remodeling consultation
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With Canyon Property, you're also getting transparency in every aspect of the project.

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  1. Vanity replacement
  2. Built-in storage solutions
  3. Structural renovation
  4. Laminate flooring installation
  5. Eco-friendly renovations
  6. Surrey renovation project planning
  7. Home addition services
  8. Roofing and gutters
  9. Best renovation experts Surrey
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. Home remodeling consultation
  12. Hardwood floor refinishing
  13. Green home remodeling
  14. Deck and patio remodeling
  15. Home office renovation
  16. Exterior home renovation


Citations and other links

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Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form. First, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. You'll find that our team doesn't just manage tasks; we anticipate challenges, communicate proactively, and adapt swiftly to any changes, ensuring minimal disruption to your daily life. After reading the glowing testimonials, you might be wondering how to embark on your own renovation journey with Canyon Property.
This depth of knowledge means they can tackle challenges creatively and efficiently. With Canyon Property Projects, your renovation project is an exciting journey to a space that's uniquely yours, imbued with personal touches that make it truly feel like home.

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    Eco-friendly renovations Canyon Property Projects Ltd. excels in breaking down the complexity of home renovations into manageable steps that align with your vision and budget.
    Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch. They're not just renovators; they're your neighbors, committed to enhancing the community one project at a time. They understand that your home is a personal space that should embody your life, tastes, and aspirations. Read more about Surrey Basement Renovation here
    Once you give the green light, our team swings into action, obtaining necessary permits to ensure your project complies with local regulations and standards. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations These aren't just any workers; they're specialists in their fields, ensuring that whether you're updating a kitchen, transforming a bathroom, or adding an extension to your home, you're covered by the best in the business. You'll work closely with professionals who understand how to translate your ideas into reality while also advising on the best materials and innovative solutions to meet your goals.

    Exterior Home Restyling Surrey Basement Renovation
    Custom Renovation Solutions Surrey Basement Renovation

    Custom Renovation Solutions Surrey Basement Renovation

    At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Surrey Basement Renovation home renovation market. That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. Structural renovation You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations. We're not just building or renovating a space; we're bringing your dream home to life, and our project management expertise guarantees we'll do it right, on time, and within budget.

    They can install them. They listen to your ideas, offering expert guidance to refine and enhance the plan. This level of customization means your home will grow and change with you, always providing the perfect backdrop to your life. It's no coincidence that when you're scouring Surrey Basement Renovation for top-notch renovation services, your search almost invariably leads you to Canyon Property Projects.

    They're not just there to oversee the work; they're there to answer your questions, address your concerns, and adjust plans on the fly to accommodate any changes you might want to make. There are no surprises or hidden fees, just a clear, concise plan of action tailored to fit your budget and timeline. They don't just work for you; they work with you, making sure every tile, fixture, and finish reflects your personal style and meets your needs.

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    It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that enhances your quality of life every single day.

    This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom. This isn't a distant dream anymore; it's quickly becoming the norm. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement. Understanding the financial constraints and diverse needs of Surrey Basement Renovation homeowners, they've structured their pricing to be as competitive and transparent as possible.

    Custom Home Interiors Surrey Basement Renovation

    By adopting these sustainable practices, they ensure your home renovation isn't only an investment in comfort and style but also in environmental sustainability. These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished. The future of home customization promises limitless possibilities, allowing you to tailor every aspect of your living space to suit your unique needs and preferences. We strive to minimize this impact by maintaining a tidy work site, adhering to agreed-upon work hours, and keeping open lines of communication so you're never left wondering what's happening next.

    Communication is key to our project management strategy. Need custom cabinetry? They start by listening to you, understanding what you love, what you need, and what you've always dreamt your home could be.

    Our project managers are seasoned pros, adept at navigating the complexities of renovation projects, ensuring that resources are allocated wisely, and work progresses without a hitch. Plus, their email is always open for inquiries, allowing you to get detailed information at your own pace. But what sets them apart isn't just their craftsmanship-it's their approach to each project, ensuring every detail reflects the homeowner's vision and needs.

    At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm. Transparency is key, so you'll never be left in the dark about the progress of your renovation. You'll be kept in the loop every step of the way, ensuring there are no surprises. Home remodeling consultation



    Surrey Basement Renovation - Best renovation experts Surrey

    • Walk-in shower installation
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    Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism.

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    • Energy-efficient renovations
    • Walk-in shower installation
    • Garage renovation
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    • Home addition services
    • Roofing and gutters
    • Best renovation experts Surrey
    • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
    • Home remodeling consultation
    • Hardwood floor refinishing
    • Green home remodeling
    • Deck and patio remodeling
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    They'll work closely with you, listening to your ideas and incorporating them into the design, ensuring that the final result is as unique as you are. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes transparent communication. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're involved in every step, ensuring that your needs and preferences shape the project's direction.

    Trust us to transform your home with custom solutions that blend beauty, functionality, and durability. Whether it's a small update or a major overhaul, their project management is designed to be flexible, responsive, and, most importantly, centered around you. They're not just renovations; they're transformations that enhance lives, proving you're making the right choice with Canyon Property Projects.

    They're adept at navigating the challenges that often accompany renovations, ensuring smooth transitions from one phase to the next. They don't just change the aesthetics; they're redefining how personalized design solutions can significantly enhance your living experience. For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends. Exterior home renovation

    They ensure your kitchen not only looks beautiful but also enhances your home's overall flow and efficiency. Having introduced our expert team, let's now explore how their skills converge in the realm of project management excellence to bring your renovation project to seamless fruition. We've added advanced kitchen and bathroom remodeling to our repertoire, recognizing these spaces as crucial to a home's comfort and functionality.

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    That's why they're dedicated to creating environments that not only meet your practical needs but also reflect your personal style and comfort. Laminate flooring installation As you ponder the future of home renovation, consider how this company is transforming dreams into reality. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation. You're not just picking a service; you're opting for a seamless experience that values your time, investment, and trust.

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    This means fewer delays, unexpected costs, and overall, a smoother experience for you. We also understand the importance of personalization. You'll find that we're constantly exploring new materials, technologies, and design philosophies to make your space not just more beautiful, but smarter and more sustainable too.
    Behind every before and after photo is the story of a journey.

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    Their team of skilled artisans and craftsmen start transforming your space, while keeping you in the loop at every stage. You'll appreciate how they listen to your ideas, providing innovative solutions that blend your vision with practicality and style.
    Every corner, every finish is meticulously crafted, guaranteeing that the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

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    Our skilled craftsmen are dedicated to quality, paying close attention to every detail, ensuring every aspect of the renovation exceeds your expectations. You're not just another client; you're a partner in the creative process. Best renovation experts Surrey

    Explore Surrey Basement Renovation here
    Surrey Basement Renovation Residential Construction Services

    A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

    In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

    Description

    [edit]

    A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

    A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

    Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

    Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

    Responsibilities

    [edit]

    A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

    It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

    A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

    The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

    United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

    [edit]

    In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

    General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

    United States and Asia usage

    [edit]

    In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

    Prime contractor

    [edit]

    Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

    Licensing requirements

    [edit]

    Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

    With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

    In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

    Licensing qualifications

    [edit]

    Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

    General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

    Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

    General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

    General contractor example

    [edit]

    A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
    2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
    3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
    4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
    5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
    6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
    8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
    9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
    10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
    11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
    13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
    14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

    Sources

    [edit]

    Polybutylene
    Names
    Other names
    polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
    Identifiers
    ChemSpider
    • none
    ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
    Properties
    (C4H8)n
    Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
    Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
    Related compounds
    Related compounds
    1-butene (monomer)
    Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
    ☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

    Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

    Production

    [edit]

    Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

    Catalysts

    [edit]

    Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

    Characteristics

    [edit]

    PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

    PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

    Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

    Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

    PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

    Some properties:[7]

    Application areas

    [edit]

    Piping systems

    [edit]

    The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

    PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

    Plastic packaging

    [edit]

    Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

    • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
    • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

    Hot melt adhesives

    [edit]

    PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

    Compounding and masterbatches

    [edit]

    PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

    Thermal insulation

    [edit]

    PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

    Other applications

    [edit]

    Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

    Environmental longevity

    [edit]

    Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

    One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

    International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

    Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

    [edit]

    Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

    Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

    In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

    There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

    Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
    2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
    3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
    4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
    5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
    6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
    7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
    8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
    9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
    10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
    11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
    12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
    13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
    14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
    15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
    16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
    17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
    18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
    19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
    20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
    23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

    Further reading

    [edit]

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