Surrey Home Renovation

Surrey Home Renovation

Soundproofing renovation

We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. In essence, they make sure your investment in your home pays off, both in terms of enjoyment and future resale value. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Basement waterproofing understands that your home is a reflection of you. Learn more about Surrey Home Renovation here Why settle for a one-size-fits-all approach when your home can reflect your personal style and needs through a tailored makeover? They'll guide you through selecting materials, colors, and finishes that complement your personal style while also advising on the latest trends and innovations.
Just as a single stone can start an avalanche, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has initiated a seismic shift in Surrey Home Renovation's home renovation landscape. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects. They're not just about updating a single room; they're here to revolutionize the way you live in your space. It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Surrey Home Renovation looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly.
They'll work with you to incorporate renewable energy solutions, like solar panels, into your design if that's your goal. In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions.

Surrey Home Renovation - Attic renovation

  1. Soundproofing renovation
  2. Door installation
  3. House remodeling experts
  4. Kitchen renovation
  5. Home layout redesign
  6. Project management
  7. Walk-in shower installation
  8. Interior painting
  9. Attic renovation
  10. Crown molding installation
  11. Plumbing upgrades
  12. Residential remodeling
  13. Toilet installation
  14. Whole house renovation
  15. Basement waterproofing
  16. Custom home remodeling
  17. Baseboard and trim renovation
  18. Hardwood floor refinishing
  19. Garage renovation
That's what they're bringing to homes across Surrey Home Renovation. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project.
This initial step ensures we understand your expectations, budget, and timeline, setting the stage for a seamless renovation process. As you click through the gallery, notice the attention to detail in each transformation. You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager. Our team of skilled professionals is equipped with the latest tools and techniques to deliver high-quality workmanship that not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. Plumbing upgrades This way, you avoid paying interest altogether. While DIY projects may seem cost-effective, they can lead to costly errors. Toilet installation Door installation From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, we're with you every step of the way.

When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation in Surrey Home Renovation, you're opting for a team that prioritizes the health of the planet as much as the transformation of your space. Communication is key, and they're always just a call or email away if you have questions or need updates. Our project management ensures a seamless process, minimizing disruptions to your daily life.

Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation. Next, our team conducts an in-depth assessment of your property. Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services.

Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. Think solar panels, energy-saving appliances, and repurposed materials. Building on their plumbing expertise, Canyon Property Projects also excels in transforming bathrooms into modern sanctuaries.

Citations and other links

Surrey Home Renovation Home Makeover Experts

Our goal is to transform your home without the stress, turning what could be an overwhelming process into an exciting adventure. Energy efficiency upgrades are another new area we're passionate about. Sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs are also at the forefront of today's renovation trends. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. knows the importance of adaptability in today's homes and focuses on creating spaces that reflect this need.

If you're contemplating embarking on a journey to revitalize your home, learning more about what sets Canyon Property Projects apart could be your first step towards a seamlessly executed dream renovation. Building on the revolution in home living, the focus now shifts to creating unique designs that reflect your personal style and meet your specific needs. That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements.

That's why they're leading the charge in creating customized home renovations that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of your living space but also improve its functionality to suit your daily life. Every project undertaken by Canyon Property Projects exemplifies our commitment to delivering unmatched service quality, ensuring your renovation dreams become a reality with precision and care. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount.

Moreover, Canyon Property Projects tailors their services to fit your budget without compromising on quality or aesthetic appeal. So, when you're ready to step into the future of home renovation, let Canyon Property Projects be your guide.

Surrey Home Renovation - Whole house renovation

  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Project management
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Interior painting
  • Attic renovation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
  • Toilet installation
  • Whole house renovation
Energy efficiency is another key focus.

Surrey Home Renovation Home Makeover Experts
Outdoor Property Renovation Surrey Home Renovation

Outdoor Property Renovation Surrey Home Renovation

Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to making your renovation journey a success from start to finish. They use cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly practices to reduce water waste and save you money in the long run. It's not just about a beautiful finish; it's about creating environments that inspire and function seamlessly. With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs.

They're committed to keeping you in the loop, ensuring that your project stays on track, within budget, and is completed to your satisfaction. Canyon uses only the best materials and the latest techniques to deliver a result that's not just aesthetically pleasing but also durable. Let's transform your space into the home of your dreams, where every detail reflects your personal style and meets your everyday needs.

We also understand the importance of staying within budget and on schedule. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or completely renovate your entire home, their team has the skills and experience to bring your vision to life. They're not just builders; they're creators of spaces that inspire culinary creativity and bring families together.

This visit is crucial as it allows them to provide you with a more accurate estimate and timeline for your project, ensuring there are no surprises down the line. Their clear communication and professionalism made the entire process stress-free.'Daniel T. highlights, 'The attention to detail in our bathroom renovation was exceptional.

Surrey Home Renovation - Walk-in shower installation

  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Home layout redesign
  • Project management
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Interior painting
  • Attic renovation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
Embarking on your renovation journey, you'll first engage in a detailed consultation to align our vision with your dreams. Whole house renovation

Home Extension Surrey Home Renovation

So, take a moment to explore our gallery and imagine the possibilities for your own home. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, their team transforms spaces while keeping you informed and involved at every turn. Let's transform your house into the home of your dreams, with every detail reflecting our commitment to excellence and your personal style. One common challenge is unexpected delays.

We're not just about aesthetics; we also prioritize functionality, ensuring that your new spaces not only look beautiful but also work seamlessly for your lifestyle. We couldn't be happier with the outcome.'Finally, Lisa G. notes, 'Their customer service is unmatched. Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. Canyon Property Projects doesn't just aim to meet your needs; they strive to anticipate them.

Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach. This approach not only lessens your carbon footprint but also cuts down your utility bills, making it a win-win situation. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, a luxurious bathroom upgrade, or a full home renovation, we've got you covered.

Surrey Home Renovation - Door installation

  1. Backsplash installation
  2. Renovation contractors
  3. Local home renovators Surrey
  4. Crown molding installation
  5. Plumbing upgrades
  6. Residential remodeling
  7. Toilet installation
  8. Whole house renovation
  9. Basement waterproofing
  10. Custom home remodeling
  11. Baseboard and trim renovation
  12. Hardwood floor refinishing
  13. Garage renovation
  14. Backsplash installation
  15. Renovation contractors
  16. Local home renovators Surrey
  17. Crown molding installation
  18. Plumbing upgrades
  19. Residential remodeling
  20. Toilet installation
They're not satisfied until you're looking at your newly renovated space with complete satisfaction.

You're not just getting builders; you're partnering with seasoned designers, architects, and craftsmen who understand the nuances of creating a space that's both beautiful and functional.

Surrey Home Renovation - Basement waterproofing

  • Toilet installation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Project management
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Interior painting
  • Attic renovation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Plumbing upgrades
They listened to our needs, factoring in energy efficiency and sustainability, and the outcome was better than we'd hoped for. As you're contemplating transforming your space, it's essential to consider not only a team's history of success but also their capability to expand and adapt to new trends and demands. Our approach includes recycling construction materials whenever possible, opting for sustainable wood and low-VOC paints.

Surrey Home Renovation - Soundproofing renovation

  • Whole house renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
  • Toilet installation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing


Home Extension Surrey Home Renovation
Reliable Renovation Surrey Home Renovation
Reliable Renovation Surrey Home Renovation

In Surrey Home Renovation, a wave of innovative home renovations is transforming how residents live, elevating both style and functionality to new heights. Interior painting Another mistake is neglecting proper planning. It's not just about renovating homes; it's about rebuilding trust and forging lasting relationships with homeowners and local businesses alike. Custom home remodeling You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well. Transforming your kitchen with these innovative ideas doesn't just elevate your home; it changes how you live in it.

Next, they'll present you with a tailored plan that aligns with your budget and timeline. Whether you're dreaming of a modern minimalist kitchen, a luxurious bathroom retreat, or a cozy, multifunctional living area, we've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. Leading our construction team is Jack Taylor, a master builder with a keen understanding of quality and sustainability. You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics.

They're not just installing fixtures and tiles; they're crafting an experience.

Surrey Home Renovation - Toilet installation

  1. Whole house renovation
  2. Basement waterproofing
  3. Custom home remodeling
  4. Baseboard and trim renovation
  5. Hardwood floor refinishing
  6. Garage renovation
  7. Backsplash installation
  8. Renovation contractors
  9. Local home renovators Surrey
  10. Interior painting
  11. Attic renovation
  12. Crown molding installation
  13. Plumbing upgrades
  14. Residential remodeling
  15. Toilet installation
  16. Whole house renovation
  17. Basement waterproofing
When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery. He's not just about the big picture; Alex dives into the details, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and functional needs. Imagine a space where functionality meets personalized style, where every inch is optimized for your lifestyle.

Whether it's the intricate tile work that makes a bathroom feel like a spa retreat or the seamless flow they create in kitchen spaces, Canyon Property Projects stands out as a beacon of quality and innovation in Surrey Home Renovation's competitive market. They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day. Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Surrey Home Renovation residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too. Throughout this phase, communication is key.

Surrey Home Renovation Home Exterior Improvements

But it's not just about aesthetics. We've embraced solar energy solutions, incorporating solar panels and eco-friendly lighting fixtures to decrease your carbon footprint.

Surrey Home Renovation - Interior painting

  • Toilet installation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Toilet installation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Garage renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Renovation contractors
And that's why you're not just building homes-you're helping to strengthen the community foundation. Sarah M., a recent client, couldn't stop praising the team. 'They transformed our kitchen while keeping sustainability at the forefront.
With custom renovations, your home becomes a true reflection of who you are, designed for how you live.

Surrey Home Renovation - Residential remodeling

  1. Residential remodeling
  2. Toilet installation
  3. Whole house renovation
  4. Basement waterproofing
  5. Custom home remodeling
  6. Baseboard and trim renovation
  7. Hardwood floor refinishing
  8. Garage renovation
  9. Backsplash installation
  10. Renovation contractors
  11. Local home renovators Surrey
  12. Walk-in shower installation
  13. Interior painting
  14. Attic renovation
  15. Crown molding installation
  16. Plumbing upgrades
  17. Residential remodeling
  18. Toilet installation
Canyon's portfolio of success stories isn't just built on the final product but also the journey there. Their team is made up of artisans who pride themselves on their ability to transform any space into a masterpiece that reflects your unique style and personality.
What sets them apart is their commitment to not only meeting but exceeding your expectations. Read more about Surrey Home Renovation here Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures? At Canyon Property Projects, we know that a one-size-fits-all approach doesn't work for everyone.
We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget. With each renovation, you're not just improving your living space; you're also enhancing your quality of life, making your home not just a place to live, but a place to thrive. You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands. Explore Surrey Home Renovation here

Surrey Home Renovation Home Exterior Improvements

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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