Home Refurbishing Surrey

Home Refurbishing Surrey

Energy-efficient renovations

But it's not just about the materials and appliances; it's the craftsmanship and attention to detail that set Canyon Property Projects Ltd apart. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Surrey heritage home restoration It's modern living at its finest. Accessible home design You'll find that our work spans across various styles and preferences, whether you're looking for a sleek contemporary bathroom upgrade or a traditional living room revamp. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we understand that home improvement is a significant investment. Learn more about Home Refurbishing Surrey here
After emphasizing the importance of choosing high-quality materials, it's equally crucial to highlight the skilled team and exceptional craftsmanship that Canyon Property Projects Ltd. brings to your home improvement project. You'll be kept in the loop from start to finish, ensuring a smooth and stress-free experience. You'll have direct access to a dedicated aftercare team, ready to address any post-completion queries.
It sets the stage for potential buyers, influencing their interest and perceptions before they step inside. They listen closely, offering personalized solutions that not only look stunning but also function perfectly for your family's everyday life. Considering the potential damage and repair costs associated with a failure, the investment in replacing these pipes is well justified.
Revitalize your outdoor living area with Canyon Property Projects Ltd., transforming it into a stunning extension of your home that invites relaxation and entertainment. They understand the importance of your outdoor space being a personal retreat and a place for gathering, making every project they undertake uniquely tailored to fit your vision and lifestyle. They're leading the charge in Home Refurbishing Surrey, transforming homes with an eye toward the future.

So, when you choose them for your home improvement project, you're choosing a future-proof investment. Their approach is proactive, anticipating potential obstacles and addressing them before they become issues. You'll find that our pricing isn't just competitive; it's designed with your budget in mind. They listen to your needs, preferences, and dreams, turning them into reality with precision and creativity.

They understand that the details matter, and they're not about to cut corners.

Basement suite construction

  1. Entryway remodeling
  2. Accessible home design
  3. Renovation cost estimates
  4. Wall removal services
  5. Full-service renovation Surrey
  6. Exterior home renovation
  7. Entryway remodeling
  8. Accessible home design
  9. Renovation cost estimates
  10. Wall removal services
  11. Full-service renovation Surrey
  12. Exterior home renovation
  13. Entryway remodeling
  14. Accessible home design
  15. Renovation cost estimates
  16. Wall removal services
  17. Full-service renovation Surrey
  18. Exterior home renovation
  19. Entryway remodeling
  20. Accessible home design
Beyond aesthetics, their transformations prioritize functionality, ensuring your space not only looks incredible but also enhances your day-to-day living. Once you're happy with the design, Canyon handles all the necessary permits and compliance issues, making the process hassle-free for you.

It's not just about slapping on a coat of paint; it's a comprehensive approach to revamping your home's first impression. Basement suite construction We keep you informed at every stage, from the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, ensuring that there are no surprises along the way. You're not just sprucing up a room; you're transforming your entire living space into a more comfortable, efficient, and stylish home.

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your dream home isn't just a plan-it's a reality, achieved through meticulous management and a customer-first approach. From upgrading insulation to installing high-efficiency windows and doors, they've got you covered. Understanding your unique needs, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. tailors every home improvement solution specifically for you.

Citations and other links

Affordable Property Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey

What's more, they understand the importance of staying on schedule and within budget.

Door installation

  1. Exterior home renovation
  2. Basement waterproofing
  3. Crown molding installation
  4. Home remodeling consultation
  5. Door installation
  6. Bedroom remodeling
  7. Baseboard and trim renovation
  8. Built-in storage solutions
  9. Garage conversion
  10. Entryway remodeling
  11. Accessible home design
  12. Renovation cost estimates
  13. Wall removal services
  14. Full-service renovation Surrey
  15. Exterior home renovation
  16. Basement waterproofing
  17. Crown molding installation
  18. Home remodeling consultation
Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Electrical renovations

  1. Renovation cost estimates
  2. Wall removal services
  3. Full-service renovation Surrey
  4. Exterior home renovation
  5. Accessible home design
  6. Renovation cost estimates
  7. Wall removal services
  8. Full-service renovation Surrey
  9. Exterior home renovation
  10. Accessible home design
  11. Renovation cost estimates
  12. Wall removal services
  13. Full-service renovation Surrey
  14. Exterior home renovation
  15. Accessible home design
  16. Renovation cost estimates
  17. Wall removal services
  18. Full-service renovation Surrey
  19. Exterior home renovation
believes in transparent communication throughout the entire process.

Door installation
Affordable Property Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey
Sustainable House Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey

Sustainable House Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey

First off, they sit down with you for a detailed consultation. That's why we're committed to providing you with transparent, fair pricing that reflects the quality and value of our work without breaking the bank. You're likely to see a positive return on investment with updates that reflect these preferences, including eco-friendly appliances, smart home technology, and open-plan living spaces. With them, your home transformation is in expert hands. This means you get the highest standard of work across all aspects of your project, be it plumbing, electrical, or interior design.

Opting for shingle replacement or color changes can rejuvenate your home's look. They're not just about making it look good; they're committed to enhancing functionality, optimizing your space for both cooking and socializing. That's the kind of convenience and luxury Canyon Property Projects Ltd. brings to your doorstep.

Renovation cost estimates

  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Wall removal services
Their attention to detail and commitment to excellence is unmatched.'

Entryway remodeling

  1. Door installation
  2. Bedroom remodeling
  3. Baseboard and trim renovation
  4. Built-in storage solutions
  5. Garage conversion
  6. Entryway remodeling
  7. Accessible home design
  8. Renovation cost estimates
  9. Wall removal services
  10. Full-service renovation Surrey
  11. Exterior home renovation
  12. Crown molding installation
  13. Home remodeling consultation
  14. Door installation
  15. Bedroom remodeling
  16. Baseboard and trim renovation
  17. Built-in storage solutions
  18. Garage conversion
  19. Entryway remodeling
This sentiment is echoed by a homeowner, who says, 'They turned our vision into reality, improving our living space in ways we didn't think possible.

Opting for a bold color or a unique design can add character and charm, enticing potential buyers or simply making your home the envy of the neighborhood. If there are any adjustments needed, they're on it, fast. Whether you're aiming to enhance a property's value before a sale or you're looking to customize your home to better fit your lifestyle, they've got you covered. You're getting quality that lasts, with the added bonus of supporting eco-friendly manufacturing processes.

Their comprehensive services also cover outdoor projects, including landscaping and garden design, to create that perfect outdoor oasis. Yet, what sets them apart in a market flooded with contractors promising the world? Moving beyond the visual transformations, let's hear directly from those who've experienced Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s remarkable home improvements first-hand. You might not be aware, but Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has quietly risen as the undisputed leader in home improvement across Home Refurbishing Surrey, setting standards that few can match.

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Our team harnesses the latest design trends and technologies, blending them with timeless aesthetics to create spaces that are both functional and beautiful. Don't overlook your roofing; it's not only critical for protection but also plays a significant role in your home's appearance. Investing in a sophisticated home extension isn't just about adding square footage; it's about enhancing your quality of life and boosting your property's appeal to future buyers.

Accessible home design

  1. Garage conversion
  2. Entryway remodeling
  3. Accessible home design
  4. Renovation cost estimates
  5. Wall removal services
  6. Full-service renovation Surrey
  7. Exterior home renovation
  8. Built-in storage solutions
  9. Garage conversion
  10. Entryway remodeling
  11. Accessible home design
  12. Renovation cost estimates
  13. Wall removal services
  14. Full-service renovation Surrey
  15. Exterior home renovation
  16. Built-in storage solutions
  17. Garage conversion
  18. Entryway remodeling
  19. Accessible home design
Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. means you're not just renovating your house; you're creating a home that reflects your personal style and meets your lifestyle needs. From comprehensive services that cover every conceivable need to personalized solutions that respect your unique vision, they stand out in a crowded market.

It's about creating a cohesive system that enhances your living experience. You'll find that their approach is tailored to meet your business's unique needs, ensuring that the end result not only looks good but also enhances your operational efficiency. They'll keep you in the loop, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you imagined. After upgrading your bathroom, consider embarking on a comprehensive home makeover to further enhance your property's appeal and functionality.

They've got architects who dream big and builders who pay attention to the minutest details. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just focus on aesthetics. You'll find that their approach is thorough. We don't believe in one-size-fits-all pricing.

For instance, Sarah from Guildford shares, 'They turned our vision into reality, making our home more energy-efficient and beautiful than we ever imagined.

Accessible home design

  • Accessible home design
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  • Wall removal services
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  • Exterior home renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Door installation
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  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Garage conversion
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  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Wall removal services
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  • Exterior home renovation
Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. advises on renewable energy options, such as solar panel installations, for homeowners looking to take their energy savings to the next level.

Home remodeling consultation

  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Garage conversion
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Accessible home design
  • Renovation cost estimates
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  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
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  • Exterior home renovation
With these upgrades, you'll not only boost your home's value but also enjoy a more luxurious and comfortable lifestyle. They'll guide you through selecting materials, considering functionality, and optimizing space, all while keeping your budget in mind.

Top Bathroom Remodeling Contractors Home Refurbishing Surrey
Custom Home Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey
Custom Home Upgrades Home Refurbishing Surrey

It's not just about aesthetics; it's about making your home work better for you. They don't just see you as another project; they see you as a partner in the journey to transform your space. You're probably seeking ways to reduce your carbon footprint while updating your living space. By selecting materials that aren't only durable but also sourced responsibly, they make sure your renovation isn't just beautiful-it's also kind to the planet. Their streamlined process is designed to tackle challenges head-on, ensuring smooth sailing from start to finish.
They redefine living, making every home a testament to modern elegance and comfort. This means less debris ends up in landfills, and more materials are reused and repurposed. Whether you're curious about their design philosophy, eager to browse through their before and after gallery, or interested in learning how they integrate sustainability into every project, Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive approach to modernizing your home. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project is in hands that truly understand the value of tailoring everything to suit your individual needs and tastes.
If you're looking to enhance your home's energy efficiency, they offer eco-friendly options that can reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utilities in the long run. Upgrading your vanity area with custom cabinetry and marble countertops not only adds elegance but also improves functionality. From securing necessary permits to the final touches, they'll manage every aspect, making the process as stress-free as possible for you. This dynamic market can significantly influence the types and extents of renovations that'll resonate most with potential buyers or enhance your property's value.

Accessible home design

  • Door installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Garage conversion
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Accessible home design
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Wall removal services
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Door installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Garage conversion
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Accessible home design
  • Renovation cost estimates
Read more about Home Refurbishing Surrey here
Following this initial discussion, their team crafts a customized plan that aligns with your goals and budget. Their team doesn't cut corners. They've got a knack for anticipating challenges before they become problems, ensuring that your project stays on track. It's not merely cosmetic; it's an investment in your home's future.

Bathroom Remodeling Projects Home Refurbishing Surrey

But it doesn't stop there. Specializing in both residential and commercial upgrades in Home Refurbishing Surrey, this firm claims to offer unparalleled quality and service. That's why they've put together a comprehensive aftercare package designed to give you peace of mind. You're not just hiring a service; you're partnering with a group of seasoned professionals who take immense pride in their work. You're not just renovating; you're reshaping the way we think about building and living sustainably.
Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or embark on a full home makeover, they've got you covered. The process is tailored to fit you, ensuring that your property's potential is fully realized. Improving your home's appeal and functionality can significantly increase its market value. Energy-efficient renovations Canyon Property Projects Ltd. adopts a meticulous project management approach, breaking down the entire process into manageable steps.
These are sought-after amenities that appeal to today's environmentally conscious and tech-savvy buyers. Consider adding high-end fixtures, such as rainfall showerheads, heated flooring, and smart mirrors that can elevate your daily routine into an experience. Remember, your bathroom should be a reflection of your personal style and cater to your daily needs. They're not just about making a quick profit; they're invested in building lasting relationships with their clients.
Kitchens, once closed-off and inefficient, now boast open layouts with state-of-the-art appliances and sleek cabinetry. Think of your front yard as the welcoming arm of your home. When you decide to work with them, you're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a dynamic team of craftspeople, designers, and project managers, all dedicated to bringing your vision to life. You've likely heard the theory that a well-executed home improvement project can drastically increase both the value and enjoyment of your property, but how does this hold up when you're dealing with a company like Canyon Property Projects Ltd.? Bedroom remodeling

Explore Home Refurbishing Surrey here Wall removal services
Bathroom Remodeling Projects Home Refurbishing Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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