Home Renovation Surrey

Home Renovation Surrey

Walk-in shower installation

As you navigate the landscape of home improvement in Home Renovation Surrey, you'll find that this company stands out with its unique blend of innovation, style, and sustainability.

Energy-efficient renovations

  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Toilet installation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Interior remodeling
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
  • Renovation contractors
  • Home office renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Porch renovation
They're not just about solving problems; they're about preventing them.

Attic renovation

  • Closet renovations
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Green home remodeling
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Whole house renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Staircase renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Interior painting
With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just planning a renovation; you're stepping closer to the home you've always wanted. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here You're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to quality at every turn.
Whether it's the latest in energy-efficient windows or hardwood flooring that stands the test of time, they've got it covered. Shifting focus to the outside, exterior makeovers can dramatically enhance your home's curb appeal and overall value. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, they've transformed mundane spaces into stunning, functional homes.
This transparency ensures you're fully informed and comfortable before any work begins. If you're a realtor, think about the potential buyers or renters. Modern materials offer durability and aesthetic appeal, from classic wood finishes to contemporary composite solutions.
When you're ready to transform your home, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers comprehensive residential renovation services that cater to your unique needs and vision. This means you're always in the loop, without being overwhelmed by the minutiae of project management. However, with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. at your helm in Home Renovation Surrey, you're equipped with a compass that points straight to success.

It's not just about aesthetics; it's about making your home work better for you.

Basement suite construction

  1. Flooring installation
  2. Local home renovators Surrey
  3. Renovation cost estimates
  4. Built-in storage solutions
  5. Full-service renovation Surrey
  6. Accessible home design
  7. Best renovation experts Surrey
  8. Exterior siding replacement
  9. Custom home remodeling
  10. Basement finishing
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  13. Laundry room renovation
  14. Bathroom tile renovation
  15. Surrey home renovation company
They don't just see you as another project; they see you as a partner in the journey to transform your space. You're probably seeking ways to reduce your carbon footprint while updating your living space. By selecting materials that aren't only durable but also sourced responsibly, they make sure your renovation isn't just beautiful-it's also kind to the planet. Energy-efficient renovations Their streamlined process is designed to tackle challenges head-on, ensuring smooth sailing from start to finish.

They redefine living, making every home a testament to modern elegance and comfort. Hardwood floor refinishing This means less debris ends up in landfills, and more materials are reused and repurposed. Whether you're curious about their design philosophy, eager to browse through their before and after gallery, or interested in learning how they integrate sustainability into every project, Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive approach to modernizing your home. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project is in hands that truly understand the value of tailoring everything to suit your individual needs and tastes.

If you're looking to enhance your home's energy efficiency, they offer eco-friendly options that can reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utilities in the long run. Upgrading your vanity area with custom cabinetry and marble countertops not only adds elegance but also improves functionality. From securing necessary permits to the final touches, they'll manage every aspect, making the process as stress-free as possible for you. This dynamic market can significantly influence the types and extents of renovations that'll resonate most with potential buyers or enhance your property's value.

Following this initial discussion, their team crafts a customized plan that aligns with your goals and budget. Their team doesn't cut corners. They've got a knack for anticipating challenges before they become problems, ensuring that your project stays on track. It's not merely cosmetic; it's an investment in your home's future.

Custom Renovation Design Surrey

Surrey is governed by the elected Surrey City Council comprising a mayor and eight councillors. As of the October 15, 2022, election, the mayor is Brenda Locke and city councillors are Linda Annis, Harry Bains,[a] Mike Bose, Doug Elford, Gordon Hepner, Pardeep Kooner, Mandeep Nagra, and Rob Stutt.

Citations and other links

Exterior House Enhancements Home Renovation Surrey

Our team harnesses the latest design trends and technologies, blending them with timeless aesthetics to create spaces that are both functional and beautiful. Don't overlook your roofing; it's not only critical for protection but also plays a significant role in your home's appearance. Investing in a sophisticated home extension isn't just about adding square footage; it's about enhancing your quality of life and boosting your property's appeal to future buyers. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. means you're not just renovating your house; you're creating a home that reflects your personal style and meets your lifestyle needs. From comprehensive services that cover every conceivable need to personalized solutions that respect your unique vision, they stand out in a crowded market.

It's about creating a cohesive system that enhances your living experience. You'll find that their approach is tailored to meet your business's unique needs, ensuring that the end result not only looks good but also enhances your operational efficiency. They'll keep you in the loop, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you imagined. After upgrading your bathroom, consider embarking on a comprehensive home makeover to further enhance your property's appeal and functionality.

They've got architects who dream big and builders who pay attention to the minutest details. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just focus on aesthetics. You'll find that their approach is thorough. Open concept renovation We don't believe in one-size-fits-all pricing.

For instance, Sarah from Guildford shares, 'They turned our vision into reality, making our home more energy-efficient and beautiful than we ever imagined. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. advises on renewable energy options, such as solar panel installations, for homeowners looking to take their energy savings to the next level. With these upgrades, you'll not only boost your home's value but also enjoy a more luxurious and comfortable lifestyle. They'll guide you through selecting materials, considering functionality, and optimizing space, all while keeping your budget in mind.

Exterior House Enhancements Home Renovation Surrey
Bathroom Renovation Company Home Renovation Surrey

Bathroom Renovation Company Home Renovation Surrey

They'll guide you through the selection of water-efficient fixtures and eco-friendly materials that reduce your environmental footprint without compromising on style or comfort. You'll find that Canyon Property Projects doesn't cut corners. They're not just about aesthetics; they're dedicated to enhancing your home's energy performance. You'll find they use only top-grade materials that guarantee durability and aesthetics. They understand that the backbone of any successful renovation or construction project lies not just in the expertise of their team but also in the quality of materials and tools used.
Their commitment to exceptional project management means you can relax, knowing your home improvement project is in good hands. Their dedication to efficiency means you won't be waiting longer than necessary to enjoy your newly improved property. Moreover, Canyon Property doesn't just focus on aesthetics. You'll find their approach to technology integration isn't just about adding gadgets or the latest trends.
And it's not just about aesthetics; they also focus on functionality, making sure your new bathroom is as practical as it's beautiful.

Home renovation

  1. Staircase renovation
  2. Surrey renovation project planning
  3. Interior painting
  4. Fireplace remodeling
  5. Baseboard and trim renovation
  6. Laminate flooring installation
  7. Crown molding installation
  8. Home insulation upgrades
  9. Structural renovation
  10. Surrey custom home upgrades
  11. Surrey heritage home restoration
  12. Wall removal services
  13. Home addition services
  14. Mudroom design
  15. Living room renovation
  16. Bedroom remodeling
  17. Garage renovation
  18. Home energy audit
They're committed to reducing your carbon footprint while enhancing your home's comfort and value. Read more about Home Renovation Surrey here At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we pride ourselves on our innovative design approach, ensuring your home improvement project not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

Home remodeling consultation

  1. Deck and patio remodeling
  2. Tile installation services
  3. Outdoor kitchen installation
  4. Closet renovations
  5. Entertainment room renovation
  6. Home layout redesign
  7. Attic renovation
  8. Hardwood floor refinishing
  9. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  10. Permit and code compliance
  11. Staircase renovation
  12. Surrey renovation project planning
  13. Interior painting
  14. Fireplace remodeling
  15. Baseboard and trim renovation
  16. Laminate flooring installation
  17. Crown molding installation
  18. Home insulation upgrades
  19. Structural renovation
  20. Surrey custom home upgrades
Understanding the comprehensive services offered by Canyon Property Projects Ltd is just the beginning; now, let's explore how they tailor each project to meet your unique needs and desires.
The Canyon team is there to listen, offering expert advice and suggestions to enhance your project. These transformations aren't just for show. They don't stop there; they also offer exterior makeovers, including landscaping and painting, to boost curb appeal. As you click through the photos, you'll see drab, outdated spaces reborn into modern, functional areas that enhance daily living.

Attic renovation

High-End Property Improvements Home Renovation Surrey

This not only helps the environment but also reduces your utility bills. By choosing us, you're not just getting a fair price; you're also investing in peace of mind, knowing that you're partnering with a company that values honesty and integrity as much as you do. They don't cut corners or settle for 'good enough'. So, you're not just investing in a beautiful space, but also in a smarter, more energy-efficient home. You're encouraged to ask questions and make adjustments; after all, it's your vision that's being brought to life.

At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your peace of mind is paramount.

Home remodeling consultation

  1. Built-in storage solutions
  2. Full-service renovation Surrey
  3. Accessible home design
  4. Best renovation experts Surrey
  5. Exterior siding replacement
  6. Custom home remodeling
  7. Basement finishing
  8. Painting and wall finishes
  9. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  10. Laundry room renovation
  11. Bathroom tile renovation
  12. Surrey home renovation company
  13. Sustainable renovation materials
  14. House remodeling experts
  15. Backsplash installation
  16. Garage conversion
  17. Smart home upgrades
  18. Vanity replacement
They're committed to a construction process that minimizes waste and maximizes recycling. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, Canyon Property Projects Ltd transforms mundane spaces into breathtaking havens. Whether you're dreaming of a freestanding soaking tub, a spacious walk-in shower equipped with the latest technology, or bespoke vanity units that offer ample storage while adding to the aesthetic appeal, they've got you covered.

Their commitment to transparency means you're always in the loop. This approach not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of your home but also increases its value and longevity. You'll never be left in the dark, wondering about the status of your project. A home that looks neglected from the outside is harder to sell, regardless of its interior charms.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. partners with reputable suppliers, ensuring that only the highest quality materials make it into your project. You can't help but be impressed by the visual proof of their expertise. Plus, their commitment to transparency means you'll never be left guessing about costs or timelines. You might be dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, a luxurious bathroom upgrade, or perhaps expanding your living space with a bespoke extension.



Exterior home renovation

  • Window replacement
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Interior remodeling
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
  • Renovation contractors
  • Home office renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Porch renovation
Basement suite construction
High-End Property Improvements Home Renovation Surrey
Modern Bathroom Upgrades Home Renovation Surrey
Modern Bathroom Upgrades Home Renovation Surrey

They install fixtures that reduce water use without compromising performance, ensuring you're part of the solution to preserving our most precious resource.

Walk-in shower installation

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Countertop installation
  • Door installation
  • Home theater installation
  • Project management
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Home improvement services
  • Sunroom addition
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Foundation repair
  • Exterior painting
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Tile installation services
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
Understanding the local market inside and out, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. tailors your home improvement projects to both your needs and the specific demands of the Home Renovation Surrey area. Diving into our portfolio, you'll see before-and-after photos that highlight the dramatic transformations we've achieved. Their team collaborates closely with you, keeping you involved every step of the way. Green home remodeling Our extensive portfolio showcases a wide range of successful home improvement projects, reflecting our versatility and commitment to excellence in Home Renovation Surrey.

That's why we don't cut corners. You've likely seen their work without even realizing it, elevating neighborhoods with each project they complete. Plus, they're keen on optimizing space, ensuring that every square inch contributes to a functional layout that makes cooking, dining, and gathering both easy and enjoyable. They've set the bar high, ensuring that every nail, tile, and finish reflects their commitment to excellence.

You don't need to have a clear vision of your project's end result; that's what the experts at Canyon are there for. Their team listens to your vision and translates it into reality, ensuring that every inch of your kitchen is tailored to your preferences and lifestyle. This local network they've cultivated doesn't just streamline your project; it embeds a piece of Home Renovation Surrey into the very fabric of your home. Elevate your home's comfort and sophistication with luxurious bathroom upgrades tailored to your unique style and needs.

Ample storage and counter space allow for a clutter-free environment, enhancing the room's overall aesthetic. While focusing on your unique needs, Canyon Property Projects Ltd also ensures unparalleled quality and craftsmanship in every project they undertake. They'll guide you through every step, ensuring your ideas are heard and incorporated into the final plan. Just as a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has been instrumental in metamorphosing homes across Home Renovation Surrey into their owners' dream spaces.

Kitchen Renovation Experts Home Renovation Surrey

By choosing them, you're not just updating your property; you're making a statement about the importance of sustainability in our world today. You're not just drafting a plan; you're crafting the roadmap for your dream space. It's not just about finishing the project; it's about ensuring you're delighted with every detail. With them, it's not just about building or renovating; it's about creating spaces that reflect your personality and lifestyle.
Their comprehensive approach saves you the hassle of juggling multiple contractors, making your renovation journey as smooth as possible.

Exterior home renovation

  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Home renovation
  • Open concept renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Whole house renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Permit and code compliance
Whether you're updating your home to better suit your lifestyle or preparing to sell, their expertise is at your disposal. Understanding the importance of sustainability, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers energy-efficient home improvements that'll reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utility bills.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. excels in turning ordinary spaces into extraordinary living areas through innovative transformations. So, when you're ready to redefine your home's interior, remember that Canyon Property Projects Ltd is your go-to for exceptional design and decor solutions. Imagine stepping into a space that's been tailored just for you, where every corner and crevice speaks to your personal aesthetic and functional needs.
By prioritizing sustainable practices, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. not only impacts the environment positively but also earns rave reviews from clients who've seen their homes transformed. They're not just about making your space look good; they're dedicated to ensuring the whole process is stress-free for you. Every choice, from materials to layout, is made with your unique preferences in mind.

Explore Home Renovation Surrey here
Kitchen Renovation Experts Home Renovation Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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