New Westminster Botox Clinic

New Westminster Botox Clinic

Botox Rejuvenation

Afterward, you can expect minor swelling or bruising at the injection sites, but these side effects usually subside within a few days. We're not just treating symptoms; we're enhancing your overall quality of life. We also stay updated with the latest industry standards and safety protocols. Our team is highly trained and experienced, ensuring every procedure is performed with the utmost care. Learn more about Manhas Health Co. here. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here
I didn't think such a quick procedure could make me feel so refreshed and youthful.” This kind of testimonial is exactly what we aim for - real results that you can see and feel. Our team at Manhas Health Co. is dedicated to transparency.

New Westminster Botox Clinic - Botox Wrinkle Smoothing

  1. Botox Alternatives
  2. Botox In Cosmetic Dermatology
  3. Botox For Neck Lines
  4. Botox Wrinkle Treatment
  5. Botox For Hyperhidrosis
  6. Botox For Jaw Reduction
  7. Botox For Body Contouring
  8. Dermal Filler Injections
  9. Neuromodulator Treatments
  10. Cosmetic Botox Treatments
  11. Botox For Sagging Skin
  12. Botox Facial Injections New Westminster
  13. Dysport Treatments
  14. Botox Treatment For Expression Lines
  15. Botox Aesthetics
  16. Botox For Facial Asymmetry
To schedule your personalized Botox consultation, simply reach out to our clinic's reception.
Through client testimonials and our striking before and after gallery, the evidence of our commitment to excellence speaks for itself. That's why we don't just offer a one-size-fits-all approach. I feel more confident and vibrant.' Her story is one of many where clients see real, tangible results that boost their self-esteem and overall happiness.
Let's embark on this beautiful journey together, where every step forward is a step towards feeling and looking your absolute best. Understanding the benefits of Botox treatments lays the groundwork for exploring how we tailor these strategies to meet individual needs and preferences. At Manhas Health Co., we're here to support you every step of the way.

We've gathered impactful testimonials from clients who've seen incredible transformations through our Cosmetic Botox services. We take every precaution to minimize risks, starting with a thorough consultation to ensure Botox is suitable for you. Botox's versatility shines through in its application across various facial areas, directly targeting the muscles responsible for wrinkles and fine lines. We understand that each individual's aesthetic goals are different, which is why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach.

By carefully administering Botox in targeted areas, we can significantly reduce sweat production, offering relief and boosted confidence. Botox Aesthetics They motivate us to continue offering high-quality, transformative cosmetic Botox treatments to all our clients. We always emphasize the importance of consulting with our specialists before deciding on Botox.

Trust us to enhance your natural beauty with Botox strategies designed just for you. We've handpicked our professionals for their expertise, but also for their approachability and understanding. It's relatively painless, with most clients describing it as a slight pinch.

If you're on any prescription blood thinners, please consult with us or your healthcare provider before making any changes. We've handpicked each member for their expertise, dedication, and passion for wellness and beauty. Our team, comprised of highly skilled professionals, is the backbone of our success in providing top-notch Cosmetic Botox services.

Injectables for facial contouring New Westminster

The area now known as New Westminster was originally inhabited by Kwantlen First Nation The discovery of gold in BC and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land.

New Westminster wrinkle relaxers

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Glenbrook Ravine Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Glenbrook Ravine Park, 76 Jamieson Ct, New Westminster, BC V3L 5M7
Forested park featuring walking trails through wilderness areas & landscaped spaces.

Queen's Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Queen's Park, 3rd Ave, New Westminster, BC V3M 1V2
All-ages public area with playgrounds, spray park & petting farm plus artificial-turf sports field.

Queens Park Rose Garden

Tourist attraction, Garden
Queens Park Rose Garden, New Westminster, BC

Hume Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Hume Park, 660 E Columbia St, New Westminster, BC V3L 3Y2
Charming, amenity-rich community park featuring open green spaces, playing fields, a dog run & more.

Tipperary Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Tipperary Park, 315 Queens Ave, New Westminster, BC V3L 1K1
Plant-filled picnic & recreational area at City Hall with ponds, public art & tennis courts.


Citations and other links

Wrinkle treatment clinic New Westminster Botox Clinic

We pride ourselves on using only the highest quality Botox, guaranteeing that our clients achieve the natural-looking results they desire. Our team takes the time to explain the process, answer your questions, and provide aftercare advice to maintain your rejuvenated appearance. These lines fan out from the corners of your eyes and become more pronounced with age. This means you're always getting the best, most innovative care available. It's also wise to steer clear of strenuous physical activities and to keep upright for a few hours post-treatment, as these measures can help the Botox stay localized to the target areas. Botox For Feet

If you'd prefer a more personal touch, we're just a phone call away.

New Westminster Botox Clinic - Medical Spa Botox Treatments

  1. Botox Rejuvenation
  2. Botox Wrinkle Smoothing
  3. Botox For Facial Rejuvenation
  4. Dysport Treatments
  5. Botox Treatment For Expression Lines
  6. Botox Aesthetics
  7. Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  8. Botox Aftercare
  9. Xeomin Injections
  10. Botox For Feet
  11. Botox Injection Cost
  12. Botox Lip Flip
  13. Non-Invasive Botox
  14. Botox For Neck Bands
  15. Medical Spa Botox Treatments
  16. Botox Specials
  17. Botox Clinic In New Westminster
  18. Botox For Facial Symmetry
  19. Botox For Fine Lines
  20. Botox For Younger Looking Skin
This holistic view allows us to recommend the most effective, safe, and suitable Botox treatments. That's why we start with a thorough consultation to discuss your specific concerns and desired outcomes. With just a few tiny injections, we've seen the transformation in our clients' faces and, more importantly, in their smiles.

Just select the service you're interested in, choose a date and time that fits your schedule, and you're all set. After your treatment, we can't stress enough the importance of following our aftercare advice to ensure the best results. Our team takes into account not only the areas you wish to enhance but also your medical history and lifestyle. We can't wait to help you look and feel your best with personalized care and expert services.

Moreover, for those experiencing chronic migraines, Botox has been a beacon of hope. We believe that communication is key to achieving the best outcomes. Xeomin Injections Beyond aesthetics, we've observed Botox's effectiveness in treating excessive sweating, migraines, and even muscle spasms. With us, you're not just receiving a treatment; you're embarking on a journey to rediscover your best self.

Wrinkle treatment clinic New Westminster Botox Clinic
Expert Botox injectors New Westminster Botox Clinic

Expert Botox injectors New Westminster Botox Clinic

We've come to appreciate the fine balance between embracing our inherent features and seeking professional assistance to refine them. Lastly, we're proud to offer a new Botox service focused on the jawline. It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling revitalized and more confident in one's skin. It's common for clients to worry about the safety and side effects of these procedures. That's why we offer customized treatment plans tailored specifically to your goals and concerns.
Trust us to craft a Botox plan that's just right for you, blending artistry with precision for natural-looking results. Let's work together to achieve the youthful, refreshed look you desire, with results that speak volumes about our commitment to your individual needs. At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to providing an experience that's as exceptional as the results we deliver. It's normal to experience slight redness or swelling in the treated areas, but these symptoms usually subside quickly. Botox For Neck Bands
Applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen daily protects our skin from UV damage, which can diminish the results of our Botox treatment. Our new services are a testament to our dedication to your satisfaction and well-being. Non-Invasive Botox We can't wait to welcome you and embark on this journey together.s the old saying goes, 'beauty is in the eye of the beholder,' but at Manhas Health Co., we believe that feeling good about oneself starts from within. We consider factors like your skin's condition, your age, and your lifestyle to tailor a treatment that's as unique as you are. Dysport Treatments Read more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here
We're committed to upholding the highest standards in our Botox treatments. At Manhas Health Co., we're dedicated to making your cosmetic Botox experience positive and rewarding. You'll need to provide some basic information such as your name, contact number, and any specific concerns or areas you'd like to focus on during your Botox treatment. We also take this opportunity to educate you on the Botox procedure, discussing what it entails, the expected outcomes, and any potential side effects.

Facial rejuvenation clinic New Westminster Botox Clinic

Remember, this initial consultation is your opportunity to ask questions and express any concerns you might have. After my treatment at Manhas Health Co., I not only look refreshed but feel a surge of confidence. At Manhas Health Co., we believe in providing value that goes beyond the treatment room. It's a quick, minimally invasive procedure that we've mastered at Manhas Health Co., ensuring our clients receive the best possible care. Botox Treatment For Expression Lines One of our clients, Sarah, shared, 'After my sessions at Manhas Health Co., I noticed a significant reduction in my forehead lines. Botox Lip Flip

Embracing Botox as a preventative measure can be a smart part of a comprehensive skincare regimen. We'll remind you to skip any activities that involve heavy sweating, like high-intensity workouts or visits to saunas, for the first 24 to 48 hours. Botox Aftercare We've got the answers. This ensures that you're receiving the safest and most effective treatment possible.

Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual's needs, we customize every Cosmetic Botox treatment plan to ensure optimal results. Our goal is to ensure you leave feeling excited and confident about your next steps. Afterward, there's no downtime, meaning you can return to your daily activities immediately. Additionally, staying out of direct sunlight and high heat environments such as saunas or hot showers can help maintain the integrity of your treatment results.

We understand that our clients lead busy lives, and finding time for cosmetic treatments can sometimes be challenging. Another shared, “The team made me feel at ease from the moment I walked in. At Manhas Health Co., we offer a wide range of Botox services tailored to meet your unique aesthetic goals. It's crucial to avoid rubbing or massaging the treated areas for at least 24 hours.

Facial rejuvenation clinic New Westminster Botox Clinic
Top-rated injectables New Westminster Botox Clinic
Top-rated injectables New Westminster Botox Clinic

At Manhas Health Co., we're dedicated to providing our clients with the highest level of care and expertise in cosmetic Botox treatments. In the ever-evolving world of cosmetic procedures, where does one turn for assurance and trust? Without this signal, the muscle doesn't receive the message to contract, leading to a reduction in the appearance of wrinkles.

New Westminster Botox Clinic - Xeomin Injections

  • Botox Cosmetic Procedures
  • New Westminster Botox Clinics
  • Botox Facial Treatments
  • Botox Side Effects
  • Botox For Facial Volume Restoration
  • Botox For Under Eye Bags
  • Botox For Fine Lines And Wrinkles
  • Botox Training Programs
  • Botox For Frown Lines
  • Botox And Dermal Fillers
  • Botox Results
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet New Westminster
  • Botox For Neck Rejuvenation
  • Botox For Chin Wrinkles
  • Botox For Brow Lift
Choosing Manhas Health Co. means opting for quality, care, and a team that genuinely values your well-being. We also heard from Emily, who said, 'I was skeptical about getting Botox, but the professionals at Manhas Health Co. addressed all my concerns.

At Manhas Health Co., we've observed that Botox treatments offer a multitude of benefits, ranging from enhanced facial aesthetics to improved self-confidence. Alternatively, if you'd prefer to speak to someone, our friendly staff are just a phone call away and can assist you in finding the perfect slot for your consultation. We understand that each individual comes with their own set of expectations and questions about the procedure. First, it's essential to avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours before your session.

We understand that each client's journey towards achieving their aesthetic aspirations is unique. Our goal is to refresh your look, making you feel revitalized and confident. First, visit our website and navigate to the 'Bookings' section. There's minimal downtime involved, allowing most of our clients to return to their normal activities immediately after their appointment.

We've learned that the right post-Botox care can significantly enhance the effects of the treatment, making it last longer while keeping our skin looking its best. We'll provide a detailed consultation to assess your needs and give you a precise quote before proceeding. At our clinic, we prioritize safety and precision. Results aren't instant but develop over the following week, with the full effect visible in about two weeks.

Natural wrinkle treatment New Westminster Botox Clinic

It's important to follow post-treatment care instructions we provide, which can help reduce any discomfort and enhance the treatment's effectiveness. Our goal is to make your experience as comfortable and satisfying as possible. It works by blocking nerve signals to the muscles, preventing them from contracting. Medical Spa Botox Treatments We take the time to listen to your concerns, answer your questions, and craft a customized treatment plan that aligns with your goals. Our priority is to accommodate your needs while ensuring you feel confident and informed every step of the way.
When considering Botox at Manhas Health Co, you'll first undergo a comprehensive consultation to tailor the treatment to your specific needs and expectations. Botox Injection Cost This ensures that every treatment plan we offer is tailored to meet individual needs, maximizing the natural beauty of each client. How can we ensure your Botox treatment is as safe and effective as possible? Choosing Manhas Health Co. means opting for a tailored approach to beauty, where each consultation is meticulously designed to align with personal aspirations and safety considerations.
We've discovered that by understanding how Botox works, our clients can make informed decisions about their beauty treatments. We're constantly amazed at how a procedure so simple can have such profound effects. Having explored the transformative results in our Before and After Gallery, you're likely feeling inspired and perhaps curious about taking the next step with Manhas Health Co. Embarking on the Botox treatment journey at Manhas Health Co., we'll first schedule an in-depth consultation to discuss your goals and examine your skin.
Lastly, we pride ourselves on our exceptional customer service. We understand the importance of individualized care. Curiosity might not have been kind to the cat, but in this case, it could lead to uncovering the fountain of youth you've been searching for. Botox For Facial Asymmetry In an age where youth is often mistakenly bottled, sold, and hawked at every street corner, we're thrilled to introduce a genuinely promising solution to those pesky signs of aging: cosmetic Botox services, now available at Manhas Health Co. in New Westminster Botox Clinic.

Learn more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here
Natural wrinkle treatment New Westminster Botox Clinic

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
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