Custom Basement Renovations Surrey

Custom Basement Renovations Surrey

Energy-efficient renovations

We also navigate the complexities of planning and permits, making the process as seamless as possible. Learn more about Custom Basement Renovations Surrey here Once you've agreed on the details, they'll get to work creating a detailed plan. Their approach intertwines expert project management with a team of skilled professionals, ensuring every detail is meticulously crafted. Read more about Custom Basement Renovations Surrey here They listened to our needs, factoring in energy efficiency and sustainability, and the outcome was better than we'd hoped for.
From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, Canyon Property Projects made us feel like our project was their top priority. You'll find we're sticklers for schedules. Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline.
From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, we're with you every step of the way. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Choosing Canyon Property for your renovation needs means investing in unparalleled expertise and quality, ensuring your Custom Basement Renovations Surrey home transformation is in the best hands.

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Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation experience characterized by reliability, efficiency, and outstanding results.
You'll appreciate how they listen to your ideas, providing innovative solutions that blend your vision with practicality and style. Basement finishing As we peel back the layers of Canyon Property Projects' success story, you'll discover there's more than meets the eye, inviting you to explore how they've become a pillar in Custom Basement Renovations Surrey's home renovation scene. Whether it's integrating hidden workstations into kitchen areas or creating convertible play spaces for children, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is setting a new standard in making every square foot of your home work smarter, not harder.

Canyon Property Projects lists their phone number prominently on their site. Our team understands the importance of not only making your home look good but ensuring it functions well too. You'll witness your ideas take shape through collaborative design sessions, where your input is pivotal. They finished ahead of schedule, and the results were beyond our dreams,' they shared.

Moving beyond custom solutions, we also embrace innovative design approaches to elevate your home renovation project. They understand that your bathroom isn't just a functional space; it's a retreat-a place where you start and end your day. This flexibility means you won't have to put off your renovation dreams due to a tight schedule.

We restored its original features while integrating smart home technology, making it the perfect blend of old charm and modern convenience.

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  1. Energy-efficient renovations
  2. Whole house renovation
  3. Garage renovation
  4. Painting and wall finishes
  5. Drywall installation and repair
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  7. Kitchen renovation
  8. Countertop installation
  9. Basement finishing
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  13. Whole house renovation
  14. Garage renovation
  15. Painting and wall finishes
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Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space.

Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space. Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life.

Citations and other links

Custom Basement Renovations Surrey Home Design and Renovation

Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who prioritize quality over quantity. We've added advanced kitchen and bathroom remodeling to our repertoire, recognizing these spaces as crucial to a home's comfort and functionality. Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures?

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Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is a reflection of you.

You'll receive a clear outline of the work to be done, materials needed, and a projected timeline. This means you're paying for the actual work and materials needed, without unnecessary markups or hidden fees that can often inflate renovation costs. The feedback was overwhelming, with the owner pointing out how the house's value skyrocketed after the renovation. Kitchen renovation

Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset. And it doesn't stop there. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring your kitchen remodel meets your exact specifications.

You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-concept kitchen where you can host dinner parties, a serene bathroom oasis for relaxation, or a functional and stylish home office, Canyon Property has got you covered. It's clear they're not just building or renovating homes; they're crafting spaces that homeowners are proud to live in while also respecting the earth.

Custom Basement Renovations Surrey Home Design and Renovation
Modern Home Remodeling Custom Basement Renovations Surrey

Modern Home Remodeling Custom Basement Renovations Surrey

Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. This ensures transparency and sets the foundation for a renovation journey that's as stress-free as possible. Building on the revolution in home living, the focus now shifts to creating unique designs that reflect your personal style and meet your specific needs. Just be mindful of high interest rates if you don't pay the balance promptly. With Canyon Property, you're not just getting a service; you're partnering with experts who make your kitchen renovation experience seamless and enjoyable.

Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades. They also use 3D modeling software, giving you a virtual tour of your future home before the first hammer swings. Countertop installation Their ability to consistently exceed expectations is what sets them apart in the competitive renovation industry. Not only do they handle the big picture projects, but they also take care of the finer details.

Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget. They work closely with you, considering your preferences, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space to design and execute renovations that aren't only beautiful but also practical.

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  1. Kitchen renovation
  2. Electrical renovations
  3. Foundation repair
  4. Laminate flooring installation
  5. Permit and code compliance
  6. Walk-in shower installation
  7. Residential remodeling
  8. Basement suite construction
  9. Fence and gate installation
  10. Smart home upgrades
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  12. Window replacement
  13. Exterior siding replacement
  14. Structural renovation
  15. Flooring installation
Canyon Property Projects deeply values its role in the Custom Basement Renovations Surrey community, actively participating in local initiatives to strengthen neighborhood bonds and enhance the area's overall well-being.

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This visit is crucial as it allows them to provide you with a more accurate estimate and timeline for your project, ensuring there are no surprises down the line.

It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Custom Basement Renovations Surrey looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly. This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional. Having explored our commitment to sustainability, let's now walk you through the steps involved in our renovation process. Feel free to reach out via phone at their dedicated customer service line.

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Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless. Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming bathrooms; they're also revolutionizing kitchens into culinary paradises. Drywall installation and repair Let Canyon Property Projects guide you through a full-scale renovation that turns your current house into the dream home you've always wanted. You've likely heard whispers of their work, transforming mundane spaces into remarkable havens that not only meet but exceed client expectations.

Transparency is key, so you'll never be left in the dark about the progress of your renovation. We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. Leading our construction team is Jack Taylor, a master builder with a keen understanding of quality and sustainability.

Plus, their attention to detail is second to none. We couldn't be happier with the outcome.'Finally, Lisa G. notes, 'Their customer service is unmatched. Understanding that every client's needs are unique, we prioritize a personalized approach in all our renovation projects.

There's a lot more to uncover about why homeowners in Custom Basement Renovations Surrey are turning to Canyon Property Projects for their renovation needs. You'll appreciate our transparent communication throughout the process, ensuring you're always in the loop and confident in the progress of your project. Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail.

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Custom Basement Renovations Surrey Home Improvement Projects
Custom Basement Renovations Surrey Home Improvement Projects

Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. Embarking on your renovation journey, you'll first engage in a detailed consultation to align our vision with your dreams. You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations. Canyon Property's commitment to eco-friendly practices without sacrificing quality was evident in every choice they made on our behalf. You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us.

So, take a moment to explore our gallery and imagine the possibilities for your own home.

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This option taps into the value you've already built in your home, offering you a potentially large sum to cover renovation costs. Whether it's a luxurious walk-in shower, a statement-making vanity, or ambient lighting that sets the perfect mood, they've got the skills to bring your dream bathroom to life. Next, our team conducts an in-depth assessment of your property.

You'll work closely with professionals who understand how to translate your ideas into reality while also advising on the best materials and innovative solutions to meet your goals. They then use this insight to create a customized design plan that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. You'll discover that Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive array of services, ensuring every aspect of your home renovation is covered. As we look ahead, the future of home renovation promises to revolutionize the way you live in your space, integrating cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices.

They're not just about renovating homes; they're about building a stronger, more connected community. Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home. Firstly, we'll sit down with you for a thorough consultation. You'll notice we prioritize materials that aren't only durable but also sourced responsibly.

Custom Basement Renovations Surrey - House remodeling experts

  1. Roofing and gutters
  2. Toilet installation
  3. Accessible home design
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  6. Home improvement services
  7. Aging-in-place renovations
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You'll see for yourself how spaces can be optimized for energy efficiency, functionality, and beauty without compromising the environment. Let's work together to transform your space into something extraordinary, with the peace of mind that comes from knowing your project is in the best hands. Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Custom Basement Renovations Surrey residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too. So, if you're looking for a renovation partner who truly understands your vision and is dedicated to making it a reality, you've found them in Canyon Property. Communication is key.
Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words. It's the precision in our work that sets your property apart, ensuring every corner, joint, and finish reflects our dedication to excellence. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, a luxurious bathroom upgrade, or a full home renovation, we've got you covered. Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish.

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  7. Garage renovation
  8. Painting and wall finishes
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  13. Basement finishing
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Our team works closely with you at every step, ensuring that your vision comes to life exactly as you've imagined it. Our team of skilled professionals is equipped with the latest tools and techniques to deliver high-quality workmanship that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. We dive deep into the details, considering everything from the architectural style of your home to your personal aesthetic preferences.
They understand that your home is a personal space that should embody your life, tastes, and aspirations. Don't forget to check out their social media profiles.

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Plus, we're big on insulation. You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well.

Explore Custom Basement Renovations Surrey here
Custom Basement Renovations Surrey Home Design and Build

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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