Surrey Home Makeover Services

Surrey Home Makeover Services

Local home renovators Surrey

At the heart of every project, you'll discover that exceeding client expectations is more than a goal for Canyon Property Projects; it's a steadfast commitment. Your project could be their next success story, reflecting a perfect blend of aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Renovation cost estimates

  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Home renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Electrical renovations
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Exterior painting
  • Flooring installation
  • Roofing and gutters
Earning the confidence of the local community stands as a cornerstone of Canyon Property Projects' success. As trends evolve and the future of home customization beckons, understanding the common mistakes to avoid becomes paramount. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Learn more about Surrey Home Makeover Services here
Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes your renovation experience.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Lighting upgrades

  • Whole house renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Home addition services
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Custom design-build services
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Green home remodeling
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Basement finishing
  • Home energy audit
  • Mudroom design
  • Renovation contractors
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Sustainable renovation materials
One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials. Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. In the ever-evolving landscape of home improvement, many have found a haven in Canyon Property Projects for their renovation needs in Surrey Home Makeover Services.
Whether it's a kitchen that needs modernizing or a living room that requires a fresh look, they're equipped to bring your vision to life. When you're tackling a home renovation or dealing with pesky plumbing issues, you want a team that not only understands the complexities of plumbing systems but also approaches each project with a solution-oriented mindset. Trust us to turn your renovation dreams into a tangible reality, with craftsmanship that speaks for itself and a commitment to excellence that's unmatched. This means you're always in the loop, able to make informed decisions quickly.
We prioritize understanding your vision, ensuring the final outcome reflects your desires and lifestyle. This dedication to community involvement not only enriches the neighborhood but also builds trust and establishes a deeper connection with the residents. At Canyon Property Projects, we specialize in transforming your space with high-quality renovations, ensuring every detail meets your vision and standards. Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices.

We also understand the importance of staying within budget and on schedule. Lighting upgrades Need custom cabinetry? This collaborative approach guarantees that the end result isn't just satisfactory-it's exactly what you envisioned or better.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Kitchen cabinet replacement

  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Home addition services
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Custom design-build services
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Exterior painting
  • Flooring installation
It's no coincidence that when you're scouring Surrey Home Makeover Services for top-notch renovation services, your search almost invariably leads you to Canyon Property Projects.

That's why we offer transparent pricing and realistic timelines from the outset. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail. Once we've got all the details down, our team of experts crafts a tailored project plan.

What sets them apart is their commitment to not only meeting but exceeding your expectations.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Home remodeling consultation

  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Interior painting
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Project management
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Countertop installation
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Home addition services
  • Exterior siding replacement
The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property. What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration. Electrical renovations

Once you give the green light, your dream project moves from concept to reality, with Canyon guiding you at every step. Surrey heritage home restoration He's not just about the big picture; Alex dives into the details, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and functional needs. Whether you're looking for a sleek, modern kitchen, a spa-like bathroom retreat, or a complete home makeover, they're ready to deliver.

Citations and other links

Home Addition Contractors Surrey Home Makeover Services

At Canyon Property Projects, we elevate your home renovation experience by offering unparalleled, personalized service that sets us apart in the industry. Imagine controlling lighting, temperature, and security with a simple voice command or a tap on your smartphone. Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. Fireplace remodeling You'll choose materials and technologies that not only reduce your carbon footprint but also enhance your living experience.

This means your renovation can help protect the planet while also giving you a modern, eco-friendly home. We source sustainable materials, such as bamboo flooring and recycled glass countertops, to minimize environmental impact without compromising on style or durability. Whether you're looking for a modern makeover or a timeless design, we've got you covered.

And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions. Let's transform your house into the home of your dreams, with every detail reflecting our commitment to excellence and your personal style. Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. excels in breaking down the complexity of home renovations into manageable steps that align with your vision and budget. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes transparent communication. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project.

Home Addition Contractors Surrey Home Makeover Services
Experienced Renovators Surrey Home Makeover Services

Experienced Renovators Surrey Home Makeover Services

That's why they're committed to installing high-quality, durable materials that stand the test of time. From the initial idea to the final touches, they've got you covered. Instead, it adds a unique charm and story to your home, all while reducing waste. From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function. Secondly, Canyon prioritizes clear communication.

With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're creating the space you've always dreamed of. If you've built up equity in your home, this can be a cost-effective way to borrow, often offering lower interest rates than personal loans or credit cards. We provide regular updates and are always available to answer your questions. Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life.

If you're inspired by the glowing reviews from Canyon Property Projects' satisfied clients, reaching out to start your own renovation journey is the next step. Canyon Property Projects doesn't just renovate homes; they're building a community legacy that will stand the test of time. Canyon uses only the best materials and the latest techniques to deliver a result that's not just aesthetically pleasing but also durable. It's not just about a makeover; it's about creating a space that reflects your personality and meets your lifestyle needs.

Our project managers are seasoned pros, adept at navigating the complexities of renovation projects, ensuring that resources are allocated wisely, and work progresses without a hitch. You're involved every step of the way, from the initial sketches to the final approval. They don't just renovate spaces; they transform them into personalized sanctuaries that reflect who you are. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your home renovation dreams a reality.

Open concept renovation

Custom Renovation Contractors Surrey Home Makeover Services

They're not just renovating your space; they're enhancing your home's value and functionality. This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. After exploring the potential transformations in our Before and After Gallery, you might wonder how to finance your own renovation project. Entryway remodeling At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just apply a one-size-fits-all solution; we dive deep into what makes your space special to you.

With Canyon Property Projects, overcoming these challenges is part of the journey to creating your dream home.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Flooring installation

  1. Home energy audit
  2. Mudroom design
  3. Renovation contractors
  4. Aging-in-place renovations
  5. Sustainable renovation materials
  6. Living room renovation
  7. Baseboard and trim renovation
  8. Bathroom tile renovation
  9. Soundproofing renovation
  10. House remodeling experts
  11. Residential remodeling
  12. Window replacement
  13. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  14. Garage renovation
  15. Modern home renovation Surrey
  16. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  17. Interior painting
Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to personalized design solutions means your renovated home won't just be functional and beautiful. Next, they'll conduct a thorough assessment of your property to understand its potential and limitations.

They're keen on understanding your vision, so they'll ask for a detailed account of what you're envisioning. We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget. Moreover, choosing them means supporting a local business that understands Surrey Home Makeover Services's unique character and building regulations.

You'll find comfort in knowing that we're always up-to-date with the latest building codes, materials, and trends, making sure your renovation isn't just aesthetically pleasing but also compliant and forward-thinking. These testimonials from delighted customers illustrate why Canyon Property Projects is a preferred choice for homeowners in Surrey Home Makeover Services seeking reliable, high-quality renovation services. Moreover, modular designs will allow you to reconfigure your space effortlessly as your needs change, making your home truly future-proof.

Custom Renovation Contractors Surrey Home Makeover Services
Surrey Home Makeover Services Full Home Renovation
Surrey Home Makeover Services Full Home Renovation

They'll work with you to incorporate renewable energy solutions, like solar panels, into your design if that's your goal. We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. Transforming your kitchen with these innovative ideas doesn't just elevate your home; it changes how you live in it. You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out. Plus, they offer detailed quotes that break down all aspects of your project, so you know exactly where your money is going.

This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Fireplace remodeling

  • Living room renovation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Residential remodeling
  • Window replacement
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Garage renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Interior painting
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Project management
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement. We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. You won't have to worry about hidden costs or cutting corners.

From architects and designers who sketch your dreams onto paper to the craftsmen and builders who turn those sketches into reality, every member plays a crucial role. Canyon Property isn't just renovating homes; they're redefining them with technology at the forefront. When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your bathroom renovation, you're getting more than a simple makeover. They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Home remodeling consultation

  1. Custom cabinetry
  2. Electrical renovations
  3. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  4. Lighting upgrades
  5. Entryway remodeling
  6. Exterior painting
  7. Flooring installation
  8. Roofing and gutters
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Painting and wall finishes
  11. Basement finishing
  12. Home energy audit
  13. Mudroom design
  14. Renovation contractors
  15. Aging-in-place renovations
  16. Sustainable renovation materials
  17. Living room renovation


This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home. We're not just about aesthetics; we also prioritize functionality, ensuring that your new spaces not only look beautiful but also work seamlessly for your lifestyle. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, their team transforms spaces while keeping you informed and involved at every turn. Stick around to uncover how their design process and client testimonials paint a picture of a home transformation journey that you won't want to miss out on.

Kitchen cabinet replacement
Surrey Home Makeover Services Renovation and Design Solutions

They'll keep you informed from start to finish, ensuring there are no surprises. You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics. From initial design consultation to the final touches, we're with you every step of the way. Home renovation They're ready to listen to your ideas, needs, and the dreams you have for your space. Once we've got a solid understanding of what you're after, our team crafts a customized design plan.
We strive to minimize this impact by maintaining a tidy work site, adhering to agreed-upon work hours, and keeping open lines of communication so you're never left wondering what's happening next. You're not just another project to us; you're a partner in creating the home of your dreams. We're here to work closely with you, making sure you're informed about potential cost implications and helping you make decisions that align with your budget and your vision. Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability.
You'll see a stunning array of homes that have gone from outdated or unremarkable to absolutely breathtaking. Read more about Surrey Home Makeover Services here One client, Sarah, shared, 'We're thrilled with our new kitchen. You've got a vision for your home, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is here to bring it to life. With a keen eye for detail and a relentless pursuit of perfection, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures every corner of your home is finished to the highest standard.
Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. You're encouraged to share your thoughts, adjustments, and preferences, making the process truly collaborative. Embarking on your renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects is a straightforward process designed to meet your specific needs. Explore Surrey Home Makeover Services here It's not just about a beautiful finish; it's about creating environments that inspire and function seamlessly.

Surrey Home Makeover Services Renovation and Design Solutions

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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