Surrey General Contractor

Surrey General Contractor

Bathroom tile renovation

Let these images inspire your next home project and imagine the possibilities. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource. Learn more about Surrey General Contractor here In the world of home renovation, where the only constant is the dust and the surprises lurking behind every wall, Canyon Property Projects emerges as a beacon of reliability and professionalism in Surrey General Contractor. Their team works closely with you from the get-go, incorporating your ideas and preferences into the design plan. We don't stop at materials, though.
Whether it's a dream kitchen that caters to your culinary adventures, a bathroom that serves as a spa-like retreat, or a living room that perfectly balances style and comfort, custom renovations allow you to bring these visions to life. We start by listening. Home renovation You'll find that our services extend beyond mere aesthetics. That's why we offer bespoke solutions tailored specifically to your needs and preferences.
Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or renovate your entire home, we've got the skills and experience to make it happen. We're also keen on incorporating energy-efficient fixtures and appliances that save you money in the long run while protecting the environment. Their project management isn't just about keeping things on track. It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come.
They're not just about making your space look good; they're dedicated to making sure you feel good about it, too. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Open concept renovation doesn't just renovate homes; they build dreams. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation. You'll find our services extend to the exterior of your home as well.

We're talking about solar-powered lighting solutions, energy-efficient appliances, and water-saving fixtures that blend seamlessly into your home's design. Painting and wall finishes Imagine stepping into a home so meticulously renovated that it feels like you've walked into a page from your favorite design magazine; this is the standard Canyon Property Projects Ltd is setting in Surrey General Contractor. It's not uncommon for renovation projects to uncover additional needs that weren't initially anticipated. You'll notice that our designs emphasize natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and further decreasing energy consumption. Renovation cost estimates One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says.

From the initial consultation to the final touches, your vision, budget, and timeline guide every decision. This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. We pride ourselves on a meticulous approach to planning and execution. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire.

If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. Following this, Canyon Property presents you with detailed plans, including 3D renderings when necessary, to give you a clear picture of the proposed transformation. So, if you're looking to break free from the mundane and embrace a home that's tailor-made for you, they're the team to call. You can tweak designs, swap out finishes, and adjust layouts in real-time, ensuring the final product is exactly what you envisioned.

You've likely noticed the buzz surrounding their innovative approach, which seamlessly blends unique design philosophies with unparalleled craftsmanship. They understand that it's not just a house they're renovating; it's your home. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank. Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects. Home insulation upgrades

Bathroom renovation

Citations and other links

Surrey General Contractor Home Upgrade Ideas

You'll find that their approach to sustainability isn't a one-size-fits-all. Once you give the green light, the magic begins.

Surrey General Contractor - Kitchen renovation

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  17. Exterior siding replacement
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  20. Project management
Sustainable renovation materials Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru. They plan meticulously to ensure materials are used efficiently, and what can't be used gets recycled, ensuring as little as possible ends up in the landfill. This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach.
Our team's expertise means we're adept at navigating challenges that might stymie less experienced crews, turning potential obstacles into opportunities for innovation. Our team of experienced professionals works diligently, respecting your home and timeline, to minimize disruptions. By integrating smart home systems, you're not just updating your space; you're enhancing your lifestyle. Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line.
From custom cabinetry in the kitchen to intricately designed bathroom tiles, they're all about elevating your space to the next level. They don't just work for you; they work with you, making sure every tile, fixture, and finish reflects your personal style and meets your needs. Custom home remodeling They're not just changing homes; they're redefining expectations, turning every project into a bespoke masterpiece that mirrors the dreams of its inhabitants. From recycled wood for flooring to non-toxic paints, Canyon Property chooses products that minimize harm to the environment. Read more about Surrey General Contractor here
The renovation process with Canyon Property Projects isn't just a sequence of steps; it's a journey towards realizing the potential of your home, with expert guidance every step of the way. Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. This collaborative process ensures the final outcome not only meets but exceeds your expectations. If you're more comfortable communicating digitally, they've got you covered with an easy-to-use contact form on their website.

Surrey General Contractor - Home addition services

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  15. Bathroom tile renovation

Surrey General Contractor Home Upgrade Ideas
Surrey General Contractor House Remodeling Services

Surrey General Contractor House Remodeling Services

At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run. You'll receive a detailed breakdown of costs and a realistic project timeline, so you know exactly what to expect. Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand.

At the heart of every stunning renovation is our unwavering commitment to high-quality craftsmanship. At Canyon Property Projects, we're not just about fresh coats of paint and new fixtures; we're about reimagining your living space with innovations that blend style, efficiency, and sustainability. At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation. They're not just contractors; they're community members dedicated to enhancing the places they live and work in.

We're here to navigate the complexities of sourcing the right components that embody your style and meet functional needs.

Surrey General Contractor - Sustainable renovation materials

    Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. Our skilled craftsmen are dedicated to quality, paying close attention to every detail, ensuring every aspect of the renovation exceeds your expectations.

    Surrey General Contractor - Green home remodeling

    1. Custom home remodeling
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    13. Custom home remodeling
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    Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space.

    But before you make any decisions, consider the testimonials from satisfied clients and how their experiences might mirror the outcome you're hoping for.

    Surrey General Contractor - Best renovation experts Surrey

    • Door installation
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    Ensure you understand the local regulations and obtain the necessary permits before starting any work. Imagine smart homes that adapt to your needs, from energy-saving heating systems to automated lighting, all controlled by your smartphone. Delving into the realm of plumbing mastery, Canyon Property Projects showcases a blend of innovation and skill that sets a new benchmark in the Surrey General Contractor market.

    Eco-Friendly Renovations Surrey General Contractor

    Here's what you need to do. Laminate flooring installation And that's why you're not just building homes-you're helping to strengthen the community foundation. Dive into a full-scale home transformation journey with Canyon Property, where every room gets a tailored renovation to suit your lifestyle and tastes. You're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish.

    That's why they're leading the charge in creating customized home renovations that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of your living space but also improve its functionality to suit your daily life. You'll find more homes being renovated with recycled materials, renewable resources, and products that have a minimal impact on the environment. But it's not just the visual impact that's remarkable.

    When you embark on a renovation project with Canyon, they'll delve deep into your lifestyle, ensuring that every inch of your home serves a purpose that aligns with your daily activities. You're standing at the threshold of transforming your living space into a reflection of your unique tastes and lifestyle needs. What sets Canyon Property Projects apart is their commitment to quality and detail.

    You've likely seen their signs dotting the lawns of the most picturesque neighborhoods, signaling a transformation underway from basic plumbing upgrades to full-scale renovations.

    Surrey General Contractor - Bathroom tile renovation

    • Custom home remodeling
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    Embarking on a home renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects starts with a simple, yet comprehensive consultation to understand your vision and needs. Budgets and timelines are treated with the utmost respect.

    Eco-Friendly Renovations Surrey General Contractor
    Surrey General Contractor Property Design Services
    Surrey General Contractor Property Design Services

    Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered.

    Surrey General Contractor - Kitchen renovation

    1. Landscaping and hardscaping
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    Canyon Property Projects stands out in this crowded market, not just for their unmatched service quality but for a comprehensive suite of renovation offerings tailored to meet a diverse range of needs. It's crucial for setting the project's direction and ensuring we're all on the same page. One key error is underestimating your budget. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life.

    Their project management approach isn't just about keeping things on track. Another option is a personal loan. You've seen the before and after photos, but it's the stories behind these transformations that truly speak volumes. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations.

    Whether you're dreaming of a sleek, modern design or a cozy, traditional feel, they've got the skills and resources to bring your vision to life. This isn't about imposing trends or one-size-fits-all solutions.

    Surrey General Contractor - Surrey kitchen and bath renovations

    1. Door installation
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    Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions. You'll find our approach combines innovative solutions with time-tested techniques, ensuring your space not only looks fantastic but also serves you well for years to come.

    A quick call can often answer immediate questions and set up a more detailed discussion. Understanding your unique style and preferences is at the heart of our personalized design approach, ensuring your renovation truly reflects who you are. You'll appreciate the way they prioritize understanding your vision. Bathroom tile renovation It's a collaborative journey that guarantees the end result is uniquely yours.

    Surrey General Contractor Residential Upgrade Experts

    You're kept in the loop with regular updates and clear timelines, making the renovation process as stress-free as possible. Investing in experienced contractors ensures the work is done right the first time, adhering to all regulations and standards. Our team doesn't just focus on the big picture; we're obsessed with the details. Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests. They're not satisfied until you're looking at your newly renovated space with complete satisfaction.
    You're not just getting a team of contractors; you're partnering with a group of passionate craftsmen dedicated to bringing your dream home to life. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. That's why we kick things off with a deep dive into your ideas and aspirations. Custom renovations offer a unique opportunity to tailor your home to your specific needs and preferences, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision.
    They're also keen on energy efficiency, installing LED lighting, high-efficiency heating systems, and double-glazed windows to keep your home warm in winter and cool in summer, slashing your energy bills and reducing your carbon footprint. At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. After this initial consultation, Canyon will provide you with a detailed proposal. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is at the forefront, offering bespoke solutions that ensure your home renovation is truly unique to you.
    First, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Kitchen renovation Home addition services They're not just about making your space look new; they're focused on making it work better for you. They listen to your ideas, offering expert guidance to refine and enhance the plan. First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation.

    Explore Surrey General Contractor here
    Surrey General Contractor Residential Upgrade Experts

    A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

    In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

    Description

    [edit]

    A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

    A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

    Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

    Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

    Responsibilities

    [edit]

    A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

    It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

    A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

    The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

    United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

    [edit]

    In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

    General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

    United States and Asia usage

    [edit]

    In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

    Prime contractor

    [edit]

    Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

    Licensing requirements

    [edit]

    Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

    With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

    In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

    Licensing qualifications

    [edit]

    Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

    General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

    Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

    General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

    General contractor example

    [edit]

    A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
    2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
    3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
    4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
    5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
    6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
    8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
    9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
    10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
    11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
    13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
    14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

    Sources

    [edit]

    Polybutylene
    Names
    Other names
    polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
    Identifiers
    ChemSpider
    • none
    ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
    Properties
    (C4H8)n
    Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
    Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
    Related compounds
    Related compounds
    1-butene (monomer)
    Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
    ☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

    Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

    Production

    [edit]

    Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

    Catalysts

    [edit]

    Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

    Characteristics

    [edit]

    PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

    PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

    Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

    Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

    PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

    Some properties:[7]

    Application areas

    [edit]

    Piping systems

    [edit]

    The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

    PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

    Plastic packaging

    [edit]

    Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

    • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
    • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

    Hot melt adhesives

    [edit]

    PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

    Compounding and masterbatches

    [edit]

    PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

    Thermal insulation

    [edit]

    PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

    Other applications

    [edit]

    Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

    Environmental longevity

    [edit]

    Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

    One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

    International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

    Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

    [edit]

    Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

    Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

    In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

    There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

    Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
    2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
    3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
    4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
    5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
    6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
    7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
    8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
    9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
    10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
    11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
    12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
    13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
    14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
    15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
    16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
    17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
    18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
    19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
    20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
    23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

    Further reading

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