Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

Basement finishing

Now that we've explored your financing options, let's tackle the challenges you might face during your home renovation project with Canyon Property Projects. That's why we go the extra mile to minimize inconvenience, ensuring that the project progresses smoothly and efficiently.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - House remodeling experts

  • Basement finishing
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Staircase renovation
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Home addition services
  • Vanity replacement
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home energy audit
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • House remodeling experts
  • Mudroom design
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Residential remodeling
When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - House remodeling experts

  • House remodeling experts
  • Mudroom design
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Living room renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
Just as a single stone can start an avalanche, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Learn more about Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey here has initiated a seismic shift in Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey's home renovation landscape.
Clients consistently highlight the team's communication, transparency, and ability to tackle unforeseen challenges with ease. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. 'They kept us in the loop every step of the way, making what could have been a stressful time, a truly enjoyable experience,' says another grateful homeowner. Jumping into renovations without a detailed plan can lead to delays and cost overruns. This on-site consultation is crucial.
It's this blend of skilled craftsmanship and personalized service that turns your house into the dream home you've always wanted. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs.
Before a single tool is picked up, we sit down with you to understand your desires, needs, and the functionalities you envision for your space. Just as a potter shapes clay into a work of art, Canyon Property Projects crafts personalized home renovation solutions with a master's touch in Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey. We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches. Baseboard and trim renovation

Imagine your kitchen, once cramped and outdated, now an expansive, state-of-the-art culinary studio where you can unleash your gourmet skills. Canyon stands out for numerous reasons. Engaging with them on these platforms can also be a great way to start a conversation about your renovation needs. Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. Staircase renovation They understand that the kitchen isn't just a place to cook; it's where memories are made, stories are shared, and families come together.

One standout example is the complete overhaul of a 1960s bungalow into a modern, energy-efficient family home. This approach not only improves your living environment but also supports your well-being. Canyon's portfolio of success stories isn't just built on the final product but also the journey there. This step ensures no surprises pop up down the line.

As you contemplate giving your space a facelift or embarking on a more ambitious renovation journey, understanding what sets Canyon apart in an industry rife with tales of woe could be the first step towards a successful partnership. You're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a collective of experts who've been handpicked for their specific skills. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects is committed to incorporating sustainable solutions that save water and energy, proving that beauty and efficiency can go hand in hand. Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services.

For families needing to accommodate remote work or homeschooling, Canyon incorporates smart storage solutions and adaptable furniture into their designs. They've built a reputation for delivering top-notch results, all while ensuring the process is smooth and transparent. They'll guide you through selecting materials, colors, and finishes that complement your personal style while also advising on the latest trends and innovations. Canyon Property leverages cutting-edge technologies to elevate your renovation project.

Citations and other links

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey Kitchen and Bath Renovation

You're never in the dark about the status of your project. They've got a knack for seamlessly integrating tech solutions with hands-on expertise, which means you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a finely-tuned team dedicated to making your vision a reality without the usual stress. After reading the glowing testimonials, you might be wondering how to embark on your own renovation journey with Canyon Property. They're not just installing fixtures and tiles; they're crafting an experience.

From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation. Lastly, living through renovations can be stressful. Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality.

But what sets them apart isn't just their ability to renovate homes-it's their commitment to sustainable building practices and building a legacy within the community.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - House remodeling experts

  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Living room renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Custom design-build services
  • Whole house renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Window replacement
  • Project management
  • Interior painting
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage renovation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Green home remodeling
Our skilled workers bring the design to life, using eco-friendly materials and methods throughout. Green home remodeling Luxury home remodeling Surrey We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have.

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your renovation journey is as distinctive as your home.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey Kitchen and Bath Renovation
Kitchen and Bathroom Renovations Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

Kitchen and Bathroom Renovations Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. Our aim is to deliver exceptional results that exceed your expectations without any hidden costs or delays. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. They'll upgrade your home's insulation, install energy-efficient windows, and even suggest smart home technologies that elevate your living experience.

Lastly, they're harnessing the power of AI to predict and solve potential issues before they arise, streamlining the renovation process. They'll guide you through selecting eco-friendly materials and innovations, ensuring your new bathroom isn't only beautiful but also beneficial for the planet. Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - Bathroom tile renovation

  1. Interior painting
  2. Renovation contractors
  3. Garage renovation
  4. Outdoor kitchen installation
  5. Roofing and gutters
  6. Soundproofing renovation
  7. Green home remodeling
  8. Home energy audit
  9. Baseboard and trim renovation
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. House remodeling experts
  12. Mudroom design
  13. Sustainable renovation materials
  14. Exterior home renovation
  15. Countertop installation
  16. Residential remodeling
  17. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey


Our goal is to create spaces that aren't only visually stunning but also functionally advanced. From digital blueprints to project tracking apps, we employ tools that allow for precise planning and execution. Canyon Property Projects doesn't just aim to meet your needs; they strive to anticipate them.

We'll also discuss your budget and timeline, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations from the get-go. This depth of knowledge means they can tackle challenges creatively and efficiently. She's got an eye for aesthetics that's unmatched, blending colors, textures, and lighting to create spaces that aren't just beautiful but feel like they're truly yours.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey Custom Home Projects

They're mindful of water conservation too, recommending fixtures that reduce water usage without sacrificing functionality. The interest rates are usually favorable, making it a popular choice. This way, you avoid paying interest altogether. So, when you choose Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're investing in a greener future. Our renovation projects in Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey have transformed numerous homes, showcasing the seamless blend of sustainability and style our clients love.

They're not just overseers; they're your partners, dedicated to bringing your vision to life with precision and care. In Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey, a wave of innovative home renovations is transforming how residents live, elevating both style and functionality to new heights. You'll find that our team doesn't just manage tasks; we anticipate challenges, communicate proactively, and adapt swiftly to any changes, ensuring minimal disruption to your daily life. Whether it's modernizing the living areas with state-of-the-art technology or turning your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, they've got the expertise to make it happen.

Lastly, overlooking the need for permits can lead to significant issues. With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs. Reaching out to Canyon Property Projects is the first step towards transforming your home. From initial consultation to final reveal, Canyon Property Projects works closely with you to bring your vision to life, ensuring the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

As someone keen on transforming your living space, you've likely experienced the overwhelming task of sifting through countless contractors, seeking those rare gems that promise both reliability and quality. They've mastered the art of plumbing, from simple repairs to complete system overhauls, ensuring your home's water systems operate flawlessly. Our design philosophy emphasizes natural light, enhancing your home's warmth and reducing the need for artificial lighting. Painting and wall finishes They're adept at navigating the challenges that often accompany renovations, ensuring smooth transitions from one phase to the next.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey Custom Home Projects
Custom Basement Finishing Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey
Custom Basement Finishing Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

Our team specializes in custom renovations, ensuring each project is tailored to meet your specific needs and preferences. Why settle for a one-size-fits-all approach when your home can reflect your personal style and needs through a tailored makeover? It's about bringing your vision to life with creativity, precision, and care. They're not just changing homes; they're changing the way you live, one personalized space at a time.

For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends. They listen intently, ensuring every detail of what you envision is captured. Mudroom design To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - Home addition services

  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Living room renovation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Custom design-build services
  • Whole house renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Window replacement
  • Project management
  • Interior painting
  • Renovation contractors
employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins.

Canyon Property's renovation approach uniquely tailors each project to your specific needs, ensuring a personalized and efficient transformation of your space. Next, they'll present you with a tailored plan that aligns with your budget and timeline.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - House remodeling experts

  • Custom design-build services
  • Whole house renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Window replacement
  • Project management
  • Interior painting
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage renovation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Mudroom design
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
Their legacy is visible in every project they undertake, with each renovation or build designed to contribute positively to the community's fabric.

It's about adapting to changes, managing resources wisely, and ensuring quality control throughout every phase. They've taken a hands-on approach to make a difference, whether it's by sponsoring local sports teams, participating in charity events, or offering their expertise to help with community-led improvement projects. We meticulously oversee every detail, ensuring the workmanship meets our exacting standards-and yours.

Basement Conversion Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey home renovation market. Explore Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey here Don't settle for a home that's only partly what you want. Water conservation is another cornerstone of our sustainable practices. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects doesn't stop at materials.
We've integrated eco-friendly materials and green building practices into every renovation project to ensure your home isn't only beautiful but also sustainable. They listen to your needs, preferences, and concerns, ensuring that every aspect of the project aligns with your vision. Home addition services We pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and address any challenges swiftly, guaranteeing minimal disruption to your daily life.
Their team didn't just meet our expectations; they exceeded them, ensuring every detail reflected our personal style while emphasizing sustainability.'Mike and Jenna R. recount, 'We were impressed with how Canyon Property Projects managed our home addition.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - Surrey kitchen and bath renovations

  • Custom design-build services
  • Whole house renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Window replacement
  • Project management
  • Interior painting
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage renovation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • House remodeling experts
  • Mudroom design
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Residential remodeling
Read more about Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey here They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy. As the morning sun peeks through the misty landscapes of Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey, it illuminates not just the natural beauty of this region but also the expert craftsmanship of Canyon Property Projects, a name that's become synonymous with excellence in home improvements.
They don't just follow trends; they set them.

Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey - Basement finishing

  1. Exterior home renovation
  2. Countertop installation
  3. Residential remodeling
  4. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  5. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  6. Exterior siding replacement
  7. Walk-in shower installation
  8. Living room renovation
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Aging-in-place renovations
  11. Financing options for renovation
  12. Modern home renovation Surrey
  13. Custom design-build services
  14. Whole house renovation
  15. Permit and code compliance
  16. Window replacement
  17. Project management
  18. Interior painting
Canyon Property doesn't just talk the talk; they walk the walk. This approach ensures you're not just getting the best in class service but also value for your hard-earned money.

Basement Conversion Licensed Remodeling Professionals Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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