Home Improvement Surrey

Home Improvement Surrey

Garage conversion

The feedback was overwhelming, with the owner pointing out how the house's value skyrocketed after the renovation. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner. Stay tuned to uncover the intricacies of their approach, which might just redefine your expectations for home renovation projects. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Learn more about Home Improvement Surrey here This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options.
After ensuring your home renovation reflects your unique style, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also prioritizes your complete satisfaction with the finished project. It's about bringing your vision to life with creativity, precision, and care. Behind every before and after photo is the story of a journey. Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs. Full-service renovation Surrey
It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Home Improvement Surrey looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly. These testimonials from delighted customers illustrate why Canyon Property Projects is a preferred choice for homeowners in Home Improvement Surrey seeking reliable, high-quality renovation services. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability. As you ponder the future of home renovation, consider how this company is transforming dreams into reality.
They listened to our needs, factoring in energy efficiency and sustainability, and the outcome was better than we'd hoped for. Lastly, their commitment to quality is unwavering. From custom cabinetry and countertops to state-of-the-art appliances and innovative storage solutions, Canyon Property covers every detail. Baseboard and trim renovation Garage conversion Embarking on your renovation journey, you'll first engage in a detailed consultation to align our vision with your dreams.

We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction.

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  1. Landscaping and hardscaping
  2. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  3. Sunroom addition
  4. Window replacement
  5. Attic renovation
  6. Interior remodeling
  7. Built-in storage solutions
  8. Laundry room renovation
  9. Toilet installation
  10. Home layout redesign
  11. Smart home upgrades
  12. Custom design-build services
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  14. Laminate flooring installation
  15. Bathroom tile renovation
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  19. Structural renovation
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They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises. This commitment is at the heart of their service. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine. Our approach is collaborative.
Our skilled workers bring the design to life, using eco-friendly materials and methods throughout. From initial design consultation to the final touches, we're with you every step of the way.

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  • Basement waterproofing
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You're always just a call or click away from starting your home renovation journey. Furthermore, we use only the highest quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver superior results that not only look beautiful but are also built to last.
He's not just about the big picture; Alex dives into the details, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and functional needs. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. knows the importance of adaptability in today's homes and focuses on creating spaces that reflect this need. They'll guide you through selecting materials, colors, and finishes that complement your personal style while also advising on the latest trends and innovations. Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless. Read more about Home Improvement Surrey here
This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home. They understand that it's not just a house they're renovating; it's your home. You won't have to juggle multiple contractors or worry about the coherence of the final result. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their approach to project management is designed to put your concerns at ease and bring your vision to life.

Citations and other links

Value Home Renovations Home Improvement Surrey

With Canyon Property Projects, it's all within reach. Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home. We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have. Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. Their team of skilled artisans and craftsmen start transforming your space, while keeping you in the loop at every stage.

Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. When you're tackling a home renovation or dealing with pesky plumbing issues, you want a team that not only understands the complexities of plumbing systems but also approaches each project with a solution-oriented mindset. Not only do they handle the big picture projects, but they also take care of the finer details. We install low-flow plumbing fixtures to reduce water usage without affecting performance.

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  1. Drywall installation and repair
  2. Entertainment room renovation
  3. Project management
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  8. Closet renovations
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  12. Basement suite construction
  13. Electrical renovations
  14. Landscaping and hardscaping
  15. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  16. Sunroom addition
  17. Window replacement
  18. Attic renovation
  19. Interior remodeling


Our team of skilled professionals is equipped with the latest tools and techniques to deliver high-quality workmanship that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd, we bring unparalleled expertise to every home renovation project in Home Improvement Surrey. Imagine smart homes that adapt to your needs, from energy-saving heating systems to automated lighting, all controlled by your smartphone. Our approach is simple yet effective: listen, innovate, and execute with precision.

If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. That's exactly what you get with Canyon Property Projects. Exterior home renovation This initial step ensures we understand your expectations, budget, and timeline, setting the stage for a seamless renovation process. They'll work closely with you, listening to your ideas and incorporating them into the design, ensuring that the final result is as unique as you are.

Home Improvement Surrey - Exterior home renovation

  1. Built-in storage solutions
  2. Laundry room renovation
  3. Toilet installation
  4. Home layout redesign
  5. Smart home upgrades
  6. Custom design-build services
  7. Surrey renovation project planning
  8. Laminate flooring installation
  9. Bathroom tile renovation
  10. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  11. Hardwood floor refinishing
  12. Exterior home renovation
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  17. Full-service renovation Surrey
  18. Home theater installation


Value Home Renovations Home Improvement Surrey
Home Remodel Experts Home Improvement Surrey

Home Remodel Experts Home Improvement Surrey

Let's work together to transform your space into something extraordinary, with the peace of mind that comes from knowing your project is in the best hands. You've likely seen their signs dotting the lawns of the most picturesque neighborhoods, signaling a transformation underway from basic plumbing upgrades to full-scale renovations. Sustainability and personalization are set to take center stage. Canyon Property doesn't stop at aesthetics; they ensure that each space is optimized for comfort, energy efficiency, and longevity. Their ability to consistently exceed expectations is what sets them apart in the competitive renovation industry.

It's this personal touch, combined with professional expertise, that makes Canyon Property the smart choice for your renovation project. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship.

Home Improvement Surrey - Luxury home remodeling Surrey

  • Whole house renovation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Backsplash installation
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  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Basement finishing
  • Foundation repair
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Home addition services
  • Garage renovation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Home renovation
  • Open concept renovation
Their team is made up of artisans who pride themselves on their ability to transform any space into a masterpiece that reflects your unique style and personality.

They'll upgrade your home's insulation, install energy-efficient windows, and even suggest smart home technologies that elevate your living experience. You'll start by sitting down with their team, where you're encouraged to share your ideas, preferences, and the dream look for your home. Their quotes are detailed and honest, reflecting a commitment to fairness and value. Whether you're dreaming of an open-plan layout or a sophisticated entertainment area, they're equipped to bring those visions to reality.

Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or renovate your entire home, we've got the skills and experience to make it happen. They're not just about making your space look good; they're dedicated to making sure you feel good about it, too. Our experts craft a plan that blends your desires with practicality, always keeping sustainability at the forefront. They're not just talking about installing energy-efficient appliances or LED lighting-though that's part of it.

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These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. Their involvement goes beyond mere financial support; they're often seen rolling up their sleeves and getting involved at the ground level. Understanding your unique style and functional needs, our team crafts personalized design solutions that transform your house into the home you've always imagined. Mudroom design They're ready to listen, advise, and work with you to achieve your dream space.

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  • Window replacement
  • Attic renovation
  • Interior remodeling
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Toilet installation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Smart home upgrades
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From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts.

We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website. Imagine tearing down unnecessary walls to create an open, airy environment, or perhaps adding an extension to give your family the extra room it desperately needs. Their expert project management and high-quality craftsmanship resonate well with both realtors and property owners.

Following this, Canyon's experts will schedule a site visit to assess your space and better understand your renovation goals. It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives. Our outdoor projects focus on drought-resistant landscaping, promoting a greener, more resilient outdoor space. They understand that you've got expectations and constraints, and they're committed to delivering your project on time and within your financial plan.

We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality. Our team of experts specializes in transforming spaces to reflect your unique style and improve functionality. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project. Each photo in the gallery tells a story of collaboration, creativity, and craftsmanship.

Budget-Friendly Home Remodeling Home Improvement Surrey
Home Improvement Surrey Renovation and Remodeling Services
Home Improvement Surrey Renovation and Remodeling Services

Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation. Building on our commitment to sustainability, let's hear directly from clients who've experienced the Canyon Property Projects difference firsthand. From recycled wood for flooring to non-toxic paints, Canyon Property chooses products that minimize harm to the environment.

You're not just getting a team of contractors; you're partnering with a group of passionate craftsmen dedicated to bringing your dream home to life. You'll find that we're constantly exploring new materials, technologies, and design philosophies to make your space not just more beautiful, but smarter and more sustainable too.

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  2. Whole house renovation
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  8. Basement finishing
  9. Foundation repair
  10. Basement waterproofing
  11. Home insulation upgrades
  12. Surrey heritage home restoration
  13. Home addition services
  14. Garage renovation
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  16. Custom cabinetry
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  18. Bathroom renovation
This dedication to community involvement not only enriches the neighborhood but also builds trust and establishes a deeper connection with the residents. Tile installation services

They achieve this by leveraging long-standing relationships with suppliers and employing efficient project management techniques that minimize waste and maximize value. We're not just building or renovating a space; we're bringing your dream home to life, and our project management expertise guarantees we'll do it right, on time, and within budget. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover?

You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us. Whether you're dreaming of a modern minimalist kitchen, a luxurious bathroom retreat, or a cozy, multifunctional living area, we've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. Their project management isn't just about keeping things on track.



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  • Wall removal services
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  • Basement suite construction
  • Electrical renovations
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  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Sunroom addition
  • Window replacement
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  • Interior remodeling
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Toilet installation
  • Home layout redesign
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Home Upgrade Services Home Improvement Surrey

Our expertise spans from transforming outdated kitchens into modern culinary spaces to turning drab bathrooms into luxurious retreats. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-concept kitchen where you can host dinner parties, a serene bathroom oasis for relaxation, or a functional and stylish home office, Canyon Property has got you covered. Energy efficiency is another key focus. And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions.
Whether you're looking to update a single room or undertake a full-scale renovation, they work with you to find cost-effective solutions that meet your goals and financial parameters. This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means opting for a hassle-free, personalized renovation journey where your satisfaction is our top priority.
As we look ahead, the future of home renovation promises to revolutionize the way you live in your space, integrating cutting-edge technology and sustainable practices. Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. Luxury home remodeling Surrey The owner, an avid cook, couldn't be happier, telling us it's changed the way they use their home.
They're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver a kitchen that withstands the test of time. Understanding your home's unique character, we tailor our renovation solutions to perfectly match your vision and needs. Whether you're dreaming of a serene, spa-like bathroom retreat or a vibrant, open-plan kitchen that becomes the heart of your home, they've got the expertise to make it happen.

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Home Upgrade Services Home Improvement Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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