Home Upgrade Services Surrey

Home Upgrade Services Surrey

Exterior painting

Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life. And it doesn't stop there. Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home. Learn more about Home Upgrade Services Surrey here They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism.
Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. We restored its original features while integrating smart home technology, making it the perfect blend of old charm and modern convenience. They're not just renovations; they're transformations that enhance lives, proving you're making the right choice with Canyon Property Projects. They even offer painting, flooring, and wall treatments to ensure every corner of your room reflects your personal style.
Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Interior painting

  1. Mudroom design
  2. Laundry room renovation
  3. Vanity replacement
  4. Walk-in shower installation
  5. Attic renovation
  6. Surrey home renovation company
  7. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  8. Toilet installation
  9. Project management
  10. Best renovation experts Surrey
  11. Electrical renovations
  12. Tile installation services
  13. Interior painting
  14. Countertop installation
  15. Flooring installation
  16. Whole house renovation
  17. Home addition services
  18. Kitchen renovation
  19. Surrey custom home upgrades
It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Attic renovation

  1. Basement finishing
  2. Structural renovation
  3. Permit and code compliance
  4. Soundproofing renovation
  5. Renovation cost estimates
  6. Wall removal services
  7. Roofing and gutters
  8. Plumbing upgrades
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Exterior home renovation
  11. Sunroom addition
  12. Built-in storage solutions
  13. Painting and wall finishes
  14. Energy-efficient renovations
  15. Home theater installation
  16. Bedroom remodeling
  17. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  18. Mudroom design
  19. Laundry room renovation
  20. Vanity replacement
You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of professionalism and innovation in the Home Upgrade Services Surrey home renovation market.
They focus on using eco-friendly materials that are both durable and sustainable. That's why they're leading the charge in creating customized home renovations that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of your living space but also improve its functionality to suit your daily life.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Project management

  • Structural renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Wall removal services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Green home remodeling
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Sunroom addition
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home theater installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
Imagine controlling lighting, temperature, and security with a simple voice command or a tap on your smartphone. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark.

They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring your kitchen remodel meets your exact specifications. It's a quick way to get your foot in the door and lets them prepare for your initial consultation. Your satisfaction isn't just our goal-it's our promise.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Countertop installation

  1. Home energy audit
  2. Attic renovation
  3. Surrey home renovation company
  4. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  5. Toilet installation
  6. Project management
  7. Best renovation experts Surrey
  8. Electrical renovations
  9. Tile installation services
  10. Interior painting
  11. Countertop installation
  12. Flooring installation
  13. Whole house renovation
  14. Home addition services
  15. Kitchen renovation
  16. Surrey custom home upgrades
  17. Basement finishing
  18. Structural renovation
  19. Permit and code compliance
  20. Soundproofing renovation
We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget.

This collaborative approach ensures that every detail of your renovation is a perfect match for your vision. At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. sets a new standard in craftsmanship excellence, ensuring your home renovation stands out with unmatched quality and attention to detail.

When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery. Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your renovation journey is as distinctive as your home.

It's this level of dedication that makes the renovation process as stress-free as possible for you. By leveraging their experience and resources, they're able to anticipate challenges and mitigate them before they become issues. You'll feel good knowing your updated space contributes to a healthier planet.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Home layout redesign

  1. Project management
  2. Best renovation experts Surrey
  3. Electrical renovations
  4. Tile installation services
  5. Interior painting
  6. Countertop installation
  7. Flooring installation
  8. Whole house renovation
  9. Home addition services
  10. Kitchen renovation
  11. Surrey custom home upgrades
  12. Basement finishing
  13. Structural renovation
  14. Permit and code compliance
  15. Soundproofing renovation
  16. Renovation cost estimates
  17. Wall removal services


Citations and other links

Basement Improvement Home Upgrade Services Surrey

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your home renovation dreams a reality. Just as a potter shapes clay into a work of art, Canyon Property Projects crafts personalized home renovation solutions with a master's touch in Home Upgrade Services Surrey. They start by listening to you, understanding what you love, what you need, and what you've always dreamt your home could be. Custom cabinetry At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag.

So, when you're ready to step into the future of home renovation, let Canyon Property Projects be your guide. We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. Electrical renovations

Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Interior painting They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made. Then, the actual renovation kicks off.

This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become. With Canyon Property, you're not just getting a service; you're partnering with experts who make your kitchen renovation experience seamless and enjoyable. Water conservation is another cornerstone of our sustainable practices.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Project management

  • Roofing and gutters
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Green home remodeling
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Sunroom addition
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home theater installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Mudroom design
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Electrical renovations


Basement Improvement Home Upgrade Services Surrey
Complete Home Makeover Home Upgrade Services Surrey

Complete Home Makeover Home Upgrade Services Surrey

They're not just installing fixtures and tiles; they're crafting an experience. Instead, you're investing in quality workmanship that stands the test of time. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. Our team of experienced professionals works diligently, respecting your home and timeline, to minimize disruptions. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere.

That's why we offer bespoke solutions tailored specifically to your needs and preferences. We're talking about solar-powered lighting solutions, energy-efficient appliances, and water-saving fixtures that blend seamlessly into your home's design. Best renovation experts Surrey They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. Imagine integrating smart home technology that simplifies your daily routine or using eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics.

Canyon prides itself on keeping you informed and involved, making sure your renovation is tailored just for you. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're choosing a partner dedicated to not just achieving, but exceeding your renovation dreams. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, Canyon Property Projects made us feel like our project was their top priority. We listen, suggest, and refine, ensuring the final design reflects your personality and meets your daily needs.

One client, Sarah, shared, 'We're thrilled with our new kitchen. You're involved every step of the way, from the initial sketches to the final approval. This approach removes the stress and uncertainty that can often accompany renovation projects. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means partnering with a team that's dedicated to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.

Landscaping and hardscaping

Home Renovation Team Home Upgrade Services Surrey

From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision. It's clear they're not just building or renovating homes; they're crafting spaces that homeowners are proud to live in while also respecting the earth. Don't settle for a home that's only partly what you want.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Surrey home renovation company

  1. Exterior painting
  2. Custom cabinetry
  3. Landscaping and hardscaping
  4. Modern home renovation Surrey
  5. Home layout redesign
  6. Home remodeling consultation
  7. Eco-friendly renovations
  8. Home energy audit
  9. Attic renovation
  10. Surrey home renovation company
  11. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  12. Toilet installation
  13. Project management
  14. Best renovation experts Surrey
  15. Electrical renovations
  16. Tile installation services
  17. Interior painting
Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset.
At Canyon Property Projects, we specialize in transforming your space with high-quality renovations, ensuring every detail meets your vision and standards. Another challenge is staying within budget. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is a reflection of you.
It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. That's why they're committed to transforming your ideas into reality, ensuring that every corner of your home speaks to who you are. From custom cabinetry in the kitchen to intricately designed bathroom tiles, they're all about elevating your space to the next level. Read more about Home Upgrade Services Surrey here
Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming bathrooms; they're also revolutionizing kitchens into culinary paradises. Reaching out to Canyon Property Projects is the first step towards transforming your home. Tile installation services Building on our commitment to sustainability, our clients have shared their experiences with Canyon Property Projects, highlighting the impact of our eco-friendly renovations on their homes and lives.

Home Renovation Team Home Upgrade Services Surrey
Home Upgrade Services Surrey Custom Home Builders
Home Upgrade Services Surrey Custom Home Builders

We take pride in our transparency and communication. Kitchen cabinet replacement Another success story involves a Victorian terrace that had seen better days. That's why we go the extra mile to minimize inconvenience, ensuring that the project progresses smoothly and efficiently. They'll work with you to incorporate renewable energy solutions, like solar panels, into your design if that's your goal.

Canyon Property Projects stands out in this crowded market, not just for their unmatched service quality but for a comprehensive suite of renovation offerings tailored to meet a diverse range of needs. Safety and quality standards are our priority, ensuring a seamless transition from the old to your new, transformed space. So, if you're looking for a renovation partner who truly understands your vision and is dedicated to making it a reality, you've found them in Canyon Property.

Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. Building on their innovative use of technology, Canyon Property also excels in project management, ensuring your renovation is completed on time and within budget. You're not just another project to them; you're a partner in the creative process.

We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. Home remodeling consultation Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire.

Home Renovation Project Management Home Upgrade Services Surrey

Whether it's a kitchen makeover, a bathroom revamp, or an entire house transformation, they've got the skills to bring your dream to life. Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Home Upgrade Services Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. Surrey home renovation company Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. Our team doesn't just focus on the big picture; we're obsessed with the details. Following this, Canyon Property presents you with detailed plans, including 3D renderings when necessary, to give you a clear picture of the proposed transformation. Flooring installation
We've added advanced kitchen and bathroom remodeling to our repertoire, recognizing these spaces as crucial to a home's comfort and functionality. You've got a vision, and we've got the tools and techniques to bring it to life, from smart home integrations that offer control at your fingertips to eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics.

Home Upgrade Services Surrey - Modern home renovation Surrey

  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home theater installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Mudroom design
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Basement finishing
As you're contemplating transforming your space, it's essential to consider not only a team's history of success but also their capability to expand and adapt to new trends and demands. This visit is crucial as it allows them to provide you with a more accurate estimate and timeline for your project, ensuring there are no surprises down the line.
You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager. Home layout redesign It's no coincidence that when you're scouring Home Upgrade Services Surrey for top-notch renovation services, your search almost invariably leads you to Canyon Property Projects. Dive into a full-scale home transformation journey with Canyon Property, where every room gets a tailored renovation to suit your lifestyle and tastes. They use only the best materials and employ skilled craftsmen who are passionate about their work.
The future of home renovation is about creating spaces that reflect your lifestyle and values, with a nod towards sustainability and innovation. Their team of skilled professionals uses high-quality materials and pays meticulous attention to detail, guaranteeing that the finished product not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Our exterior renovation services, including landscaping, decking, and exterior painting, not only boost curb appeal but also add to your home's value. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource.

Explore Home Upgrade Services Surrey here
Home Renovation Project Management Home Upgrade Services Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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